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Vaccine Derived Poliovirus (VDPV).

Poliomyelitis is caused by Poliovirus, a member of a large group of enteroviruses. Vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) stem from mutated live poliovirus, which is contained in the Oral Polio Virus vaccine (OPV). In addition, the emergence of VDPV is one of the global challenges for the eradication of poliomyelitis. VDPVs continue to affect different parts of the world; 1081 cases occurred in 2020 and 682 cases in 2021. There are several reasons that may have caused the increase in circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV) after the "switch" from the trivalent to the bivalent oral polio v…

Haiti Poliovirus Environmental Surveillance.

Poliovirus (PV) environmental surveillance was established in Haiti in three sites each in Port-au-Prince and Gonaïves, where sewage and fecal-influenced environmental open water channel samples were collected monthly from March 2016 to February 2017. The primary objective was to monitor for the emergence of vaccine-derived polioviruses (VDPVs) and the importation and transmission of wild polioviruses (WPVs). A secondary objective was to compare two environmental sample processing methods, the gold standard two-phase separation method and a filter method (bag-mediated filtration system [BMFS])…

Enteroviruses other than poliovirus.

The role of enteroviruses in certain specific disease--cardiac disease, nephritis, diabetes, and hemorrhagic conjunctivitis--is examined. It has now been well documented that Coxsackievirus B (types CB1 through CB5 but not CB6) is the main pathogen involved in various clinical forms of viral heart disease. Coxsackievirus A (CA4 and CA16) and echovirus (types 9 and 22) may also be associated with viral heart disease. In regard to the etiologic role of enteroviruses in nephritis, pancreatitis, and diabetes, again CBV, especially CB3 and CB4, has been suspected, but the data are controversial and

Мукосальный иммунитет от полиомиелита.

Одним из краеугольных камней глобальной инициативы по искоренению полиомиелита является широкое применение живых и неактивированных вакцин против полиомиелита в рамках широкомасштабных кампаний в области общественного здравоохранения, направленных на предотвращение развития паралитических заболеваний и прерывание передачи вируса. Центральное место в этих усилиях занимает цель создания мукозалового иммунитета, способного ограничить воспроизведение вируса в кишечнике. Недавние клинические испытания позволили оценить новые комбинированные режимы полиомиелитвирусных вакцин и продемонстрировали явн

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
A cornerstone of the global initiative to eradicate polio is the widespread use of live and inactivated poliovirus vaccines in extensive public health campaigns designed to prevent the development of paralytic disease and interrupt transmission of the virus. Central to these efforts is the goal of inducing mucosal immunity able to limit virus replication in …

[Immune response to poliovirus].

General aspects on the immune response to poliovirus are described, considering it's molecular structure. Since the poliovirus is a cytocide agent, antibody immune response is the most important among those related to protection; however probably a minimum of helper T cells are required (more than 200 T lymphocytes with phenotype CD4) in order to get a best response. Phagocyte, NK cells and T lymphocytes probably take part in the viral clearance from the central nervous system, also in the host injure mechanisms. Some molecular aspects of the neutralizing antibodies combining site are describe…

Poliovirus vaccination: a trilogy.

The incidence of poliomyelitis has declined dramatically since the introduction and widespread use of inactivated (IPV) and live oral (OPV) poliovirus vaccines. In the United States, fewer than 10 cases of paralytic poliomyelitis are reported each year, and all cases are vaccine associated. In contrast, paralytic disease due to wild virus continues to be a problem in less developed nations, in part due to poor seroconversion rates after receipt of OPV. The recent introduction of enhanced potency IPV has stimulated the prospects for a combined vaccine schedule that will reduce the frequency of …

Evaluation of hyper-attenuated S19 poliovirus strains for use in poliovirus neutralization assays.

Poliovirus eradication efforts have relied on effective vaccination campaigns and stringent laboratory containment of poliovirus strains. Serological testing is the primary means to address population immunity, vaccine efficacy, and individual poliovirus exposures. However, strict containment requirements for Sabin type 2 and wild poliovirus types 2 & 3 limit access to serological testing. To address these limitations, we evaluated the performance of hyper-attenuated, temperature-sensitive S19 poliovirus strains (S19-PV), which retain the antigenic characteristics of Sabin and Salk strains but…

Poliovirus seroprevalence before and after interruption of poliovirus transmission in Kano State, Nigeria.

INTRODUCTION: In September 2015, Nigeria was removed from the list of polio-endemic countries after more than 12months had passed since the detection of last wild poliovirus case in the country on 24 July 2014. We are presenting here a report of two polio seroprevalence surveys conducted in September 2013 and October 2014, respectively, in the Kano state of northern Nigeria. METHODS: Health facility based seroprevalence surveys were undertaken at Murtala Mohammad Specialist Hospital, Kano. Parents or guardians of children aged 6-9months, 36-47months, 5-9years and 10-14years in 2013 and 6-9mon…

The Golgi protein ACBD3, an interactor for poliovirus protein 3A, modulates poliovirus replication.

We have shown that the circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses responsible for poliomyelitis outbreaks in Madagascar have recombinant genomes composed of sequences encoding capsid proteins derived from poliovaccine Sabin, mostly type 2 (PVS2), and sequences encoding nonstructural proteins derived from other human enteroviruses. Interestingly, almost all of these recombinant genomes encode a nonstructural 3A protein related to that of field coxsackievirus A17 (CV-A17) strains. Here, we investigated the repercussions of this exchange, by assessing the role of the 3A proteins of PVS2 and CV-A17 …

Sequential use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine followed by oral poliovirus vaccine in Oman.

Seroprevalence and geometric mean titers (GMTs) were compared at 6 and 10 months after vaccination with monovalent type 1 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) at 6 months and trivalent OPV at 7 and 9 months. Group 1 had received 4 doses of OPV, group 2 OPV at birth and 3 doses of OPV and inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV), and group 3 placebo at birth and 3 doses of IPV. A total of 547 infants completed the study. At 10 months, seroprevalence to poliovirus type 1 was 98%, 99%, and 98% in groups 1, 2, and 3; 100%, 100%, and 98% to poliovirus type 2; and 80%, 96%, and 91% to poliovirus type 3. Differ…

The potential benefits of a new poliovirus vaccine for long-term poliovirus risk management.

AIM: To estimate the incremental net benefits (INBs) of a hypothetical ideal vaccine with all of the advantages and no disadvantages of existing oral and inactivated poliovirus vaccines compared with current vaccines available for future outbreak response. METHODS: INB estimates based on expected costs and polio cases from an existing global model of long-term poliovirus risk management. RESULTS: Excluding the development costs, an ideal poliovirus vaccine could offer expected INBs of US$1.6 billion. The ideal vaccine yields small benefits in most realizations of long-term risks, but great b…