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The impact of Fusarium mycotoxins on human and animal host susceptibility to infectious diseases.

Contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide problem. At present, acute mycotoxicosis caused by high doses is rare in humans and animals. Ingestion of low to moderate amounts of Fusarium mycotoxins is common and generally does not result in obvious intoxication. However, these low amounts may impair intestinal health, immune function and/or pathogen fitness, resulting in altered host pathogen interactions and thus a different outcome of infection. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about the impact of Fusarium mycotoxin exposure on human and animal host susc

Selenium's Emergence from the Pool of Potentially Essential Trace Elements.

Animal research showed that selenium (Se) was a dietary trace nutrient that would protect against disease, and that it often interacted with vitamin E in this protection. Studies reporting that Se was toxic and could cause cancer in animal models, however, prevented direct Se supplementation of animal feeds, and prevented recommendations for human diets. The key for Se’s emergence from the pool of other potentially essential trace elements was the discovery by John Rotruck and William Hoekstra of a biochemical role for Se as a cofactor in glutathione peroxidase (Gpx). Gpx activity falls in Se

Animal models of myoclonus.

This is a comprehensive review of animal models of myoclonus with particular emphasis on posthypoxic myoclonus and other newer chemically induced models. A stimulus-sensitive myoclonus was developed by experimentally inducing cardiac arrest in rats. The etiology, pharmacology, and neurochemistry associated with this model are consistent with posthypoxic myoclonus in humans. The complex etiology of posthypoxic myoclonus and the effectiveness of diverse pharmacological therapies in this movement disorder suggest that multiple interactive neurological mechanisms are operative. The p,p'-DDT-induce

Animal and human antibodies to distinct Staphylococcus aureus antigens mutually neutralize opsonic killing and protection in mice.

New prophylactic approaches are needed to control infection with the Gram-positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, which is a major cause of nosocomial and community-acquired infections. To develop these, greater understanding of protective immunity against S. aureus infection is needed. Human immunity to extracellular Gram-positive bacterial pathogens is primarily mediated by opsonic killing (OPK) via antibodies specific for surface polysaccharides. S. aureus expresses two such antigens, capsular polysaccharide (CP) and poly-N-acetyl glucosamine (PNAG). Here, we have shown that immunization-

Disability, sexuality, and 'cure' in Indra Sinha's Animal's people.

Indra Sinha's Animal's People (2007) narrates the story of nineteen-year-old Animal, a severely disabled survivor of a gas leak in Khaufpur, a fictionalized version of post-1984 Bhopal. The novel explores disability as a medical, physical, and social construct, with Animal's disfigurement shaping both his identity and Sinha's critique of power, marginalization, and industrial negligence in a poverty-stricken 'third-world' society. Rejecting victimhood and resisting neoliberal, Eurocentric models of disability tied to individuality and consumerism, Animal asserts a radical self-definition that

Melatonin biosynthesis and regulation in reproduction.

Melatonin, a neuroendocrine hormone widely present in animals, is a derivative of tryptophan secreted by the pineal gland. This hormone regulates animal circadian rhythms and can affect reproductive performance in many ways; for example, melatonin levels change in response to sunshine duration changes, which can inhibit or promote reproductive performance. In juvenile animals, melatonin inhibits estrus, whereas in mature animals, it promotes estrus. Melatonin regulates animal reproductive activities mainly through the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis and through membrane binding receptor (MT1

Modelling of macrophage responses to biomaterials in vitro: state-of-the-art and the need for the improvement.

The increasing use of medical implants in various areas of medicine, particularly in orthopedic surgery, oncology, cardiology and dentistry, displayed the limitations in long-term integration of available biomaterials. The effective functioning and successful integration of implants requires not only technical excellence of materials but also consideration of the dynamics of biomaterial interaction with the immune system throughout the entire duration of implant use. The acute as well as long-term decisions about the efficiency of implant integration are done by local resident tissue macrophag

Palmitoylation Strengthens Cholesterol-dependent Multimerization and Fusion Activity of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B (gB).

Herpesviruses are a large order of animal enveloped viruses displaying a virion fusion mechanism of unusual complexity. Their multipartite machinery has a conserved core made of the gH/gL ancillary complexes and the homo-trimeric fusion protein glycoprotein B (gB). Despite its essential role in starting the viral infection, gB interaction with membrane lipids is still poorly understood. Here, evidence is provided demonstrating that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) gB depends on the S-palmitoylation of its endodomain for an efficient interaction with cholesterol-rich membrane patches. We found that

Relationships between adverse childhood experiences, oxidative stress, and development of mental disorders: A systematic review of animal and human studies.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are common risk factors for many psychiatric disorders. Their underlying biological mechanisms may involve oxidative stress (OS), which has deleterious effects on cells through its own actions and through its interactions with inflammation and the stress axes, particularly in the brain. In order to assess the role of OS in the association between ACE and psychopathology, we performed a systematic review of animal and human research (PROSPERO CRD42023378418 and CRD42022378376), funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number 204033). PubMed, Web

Characterization of the first detected Avian Influenza A(H9N2) human case in Ghana.

Avian influenza A(H9N2) has been circulating in poultry across Asia, the Middle East, and Africa, posing human health risks. In Ghana, it ha … portance of robust avian influenza surveillance in animals and humans, particularly in regions with human-animal interactions. It underscores the importance of national and global collaboration using a One Health approach to detect and prevent zoonotic spillovers and potential pandemics.

Immunomodulatory molecules of Fasciola hepatica: candidates for both vaccine and immunotherapeutic development.

The liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, causes fascioliasis in domestic animals (sheep, cattle), a global disease that is also an important infection of humans. As soon as the parasite invades the gut wall its interaction with various host immune cells (e.g. dendritic cells, macrophages and mast cells) is complex. The parasite secretes a myriad of molecules that direct the immune response towards a favourable non-protective Th2-mediate/regulatory environment. These immunomodulatory molecules, such as cathepsin L peptidase (FhCL1), are under development as the first generation of fluke vaccines. Ho

Well-Differentiated Primary Mammalian Airway Epithelial Cell Cultures.

Well-differentiated primary airway epithelial cell (AEC) cultures have been widely used for the characterization of several human respiratory viruses including coronaviruses. In recent years, there has been an increase in interest toward animal AEC cultures and their application to characterize veterinary viruses with zoonotic potential, as well as studying host-pathogen interactions in animal reservoir host species. In this chapter, we provide a revised and improved protocol for the isolation and establishment of well-differentiated AEC cultures from diverse mammalian species and the use of t

Вспышка насилия в Рабисе в городе Лефейса, сомалийский регион, Эфиопия: доклад об эпидемиологических тенденциях и последствиях для здоровья.

Предыстория: Раби представляют собой серьезную зоонотические заболевания, которые создают серьезную угрозу для здоровья населения, особенно в скотоводческих общинах, где часто происходит взаимодействие между людьми и животными. Понимание динамики вспышек имеет решающее значение для разработки эффективных стратегий борьбы с эпидемией и поощрения устойчивых мероприятий в области здравоохранения. Цели: Цель этого исследования заключалась в описании эпидемиологических характеристик вспышки бешенства, которая затронула как людей, так и животных в городе Лефейса, и в освещении последствий скоординир

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Background : Rabies is a significant zoonotic disease that poses a severe public health threat, particularly in pastoralist communities where human-animal interactions are frequent. Understanding outbreak dynamics is critical for developing effective control strategies and advancing sustainable health interventions. Objectives : This study aimed to describe …

Mutual masking in the cochlea by bone conduction stimulation and by soft tissue conduction stimulation in an animal model.

BACKGROUND: Soft tissue conduction (STC) is a recently described mode of auditory stimulation in which vibrations induced by a clinical bone vibrator applied to soft tissue sites on the head, neck, and thorax of human subjects reach the cochlea and elicit auditory sensation. In humans, STC stimulation interacts with air conduction stimulation and with bone conduction (BC) stimulation in several ways, e.g., mutual masking. METHODS: This study investigated whether mutual masking between STC and BC stimulation can be demonstrated in an experimental animal. In fat sand rats, auditory nerve and br

Endocannabinoid and nitric oxide interactions in the brain.

Endogenous cannabinoids (eCBs) and nitric oxide (NO) are classical retrograde transmitters that modulate synaptic function throughout the brain. Although much is known about how these signals individually control synaptic activity and behavior, accumulating evidence suggests that they can also interact in a multitude of ways in the brain and beyond. Here, we present evidence for interactions between endogenous cannabinoids and nitric oxide in the brain. Specifically, we describe the effects of eCBs on NO synthesis and downstream signaling and in turn, we discuss how NO alters eCB levels and si

The effect of neonicotinoid insecticide thiacloprid on the structure and stability of DNA.

The application of pesticides and chemical fertilizers constitutes a potential risk to human and animals due to the presence of their residues in the food. Thiacloprid belongs to a group of neonicotinoid insecticides. It shows a cytotoxic/cytostatic effect in human peripheral blood lymphocytes probably due to DNA damage. The use of thiacloprid is increasingly widespread worldwide, therefore is very important the assessment of its possible genotoxic and cytotoxic effects on a living organism. That is the reason why we studied the thiacloprid influence on the structure and stability of DNA in pr

Emerging human cell-based in vitro models for studying pituitary development and disorders.

The pituitary gland plays a central role in maintaining physiological homeostasis by secreting multiple hormones that regulate diverse body functions. Dysregulation of pituitary hormones can arise from various conditions, such as pituitary tumors and autoimmune diseases, leading to a broad spectrum of symptoms. During embryonic organogenesis, the pituitary gland originates from the oral ectoderm in close contact with the adjacent hypothalamus. This tissue interaction is essential for proper development. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying pituitary development and related disorders ha

Biomechanical Modeling of Prosthetic Mesh and Human Tissue Surrogate Interaction.

Surgical repair of hernia and prolapse with prosthetic meshes are well-known to cause pain, infection, hernia recurrence, and mesh contraction and failures. In literature, mesh failure mechanics have been studied with uniaxial, biaxial, and cyclic load testing of dry and wet meshes. Also, extensive experimental studies have been conducted on surrogates, such as non-human primates and rodents, to understand the effect of mesh stiffness, pore size, and knitting patterns on mesh biocompatibility. However, the mechanical properties of such animal tissue surrogates are widely different from human t

Genes and environment in arthritis: can RA be prevented?

Understanding of how interactions between genes and environment contribute to the development of arthritis is a central issue in understanding the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as for eventual subsequent efforts to prevent the disease. In this paper, we review current published data on genes and environment in RA as well as in certain induced animal models of disease, mainly those in which adjuvants only or adjuvants plus organ-specific autoantigens are used to induce arthritis. We refer to some new data on environmental and genetic factors of importance for RA generated from

Endothelial-platelet interactions in influenza-induced pneumonia: A potential therapeutic target.

Every year, influenza viruses spread around the world, infecting the respiratory systems of countless humans and animals, causing illness and even death. Severe influenza infection is associated with pulmonary epithelial damage and endothelial dysfunction leading to acute lung injury (ALI). There is evidence that an aggressive cytokine storm and cell damage in lung capillaries as well as endothelial/platelet interactions contribute to vascular leakage, pro-thrombotic milieu and infiltration of immune effector cells. To date, treatments for ALI caused by influenza are limited to antiviral drugs