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Identification of MSH release-inhibiting elements in the neurointermediate lobe of the rat.

Neurointermediate lobes of rats comprise elements which, when excited in vitro, bring about an inhibition of the release of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH). Superfusion of neurointermediate lobes of intact donor rats with medium containing 45 mM K+ induced a stimulation of the release of oxytocin, arginine-vasopressin and dopamine (DA) and inhibited the release of MSH. Fluorescence histochemical observations and the results of release studies indicate that electrothermic lesions in the mediobasal hypothalamus induced a more rapid degeneration of dopaminergic than of peptidergic terminals

[JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway mediates arginine vasopressin neuron regeneration by promoting cytoskeleton reconstruction in rats with electrical lesions of the pituitary stalk].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the mechanism by which doublecortin promotes the recovery of cytoskeleton in arginine vasopressin (AVP) neurons in … ction of the expressions of β-Tubulin (Tuj1), doublecortin and caspase- 3 in the AVP neurons of the supraoptic nucleus using immunofluorescence assay and Western blotting. RESULTS: After PEL, the rats exhibited a typical triphasic pattern of diabetes insipidus, with the postoperative days 1-2 as the phase one, days 3-5 as the phase two, and days 6-14 as the phase t …

Changes of hypothalamic and plasma vasopressin in rats with deoxycorticosterone-acetate induced salt appetite.

Mineralocorticoids play a predominant role in development of salt appetite and hypertension. Since vasoactive peptides could mediate the central effects of mineralocorticoids, we evaluated changes of immunoreactive (IR) arginine vasopressin (AVP) in the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) hypothalamic nucleus during DOCA-induced salt appetite. In one model, rats having free access to water and 3% NaCl during 9 (prehypertensive stage) or 21 days (hypertensive stage) received DOCA (s.c., 10 mg/rat/in alternate days). A decrease in the IR cell area, number of IR cells and staining intensit

Angiotensin II-Vasopressin Interactions in The Regulation of Cardiovascular Functions. Evidence for an Impaired Hormonal Sympathetic Reflex in Hypertension and Congestive Heart Failure.

INTRODUCTION: Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (VP) interact in several physiological mechanisms, playing a role in arterial hypertension and congestive heart failure. Aim and Methods of Search: To overview the primary mechanism involved in the regulation of cardiovascular function, PubMed/Medline was searched, and authors selected original articles and reviews written in English. RESULTS: Angiotensin II (ANG II) and vasopressin (VP) are involved in several physiological mechanisms. ANG II stimulates VP release via angiotensin receptor 1. ANG II and VP stimulate aldosterone synthesis a

Neuropathologic research strategies in holoprosencephaly.

Hypotheses are presented to explain the pathogenesis of several clinical features of holoprosencephaly, and neuropathologic approaches to testing these hypotheses are suggested. The traditional morphologic classification of holoprosencephaly into alobar, semilobar, and lobar forms is grades of severity, and each occurs in all of the genetic mutations known. Of the four defective genes identified as primary in human holoprosencephaly, three exhibit a ventrodorsal gradient of expression (SHH, SIX3, and TGIF) and one a dorsoventral gradient (ZIC2). But, in addition to the vertical axis, genes exp

Inverse neurovascular coupling contributes to positive feedback excitation of vasopressin neurons during a systemic homeostatic challenge.

Neurovascular coupling (NVC), the process that links neuronal activity to cerebral blood flow changes, has been mainly studied in superficial brain areas, namely the neocortex. Whether the conventional, rapid, and spatially restricted NVC response can be generalized to deeper and functionally diverse brain regions remains unknown. Implementing an approach for in vivo two-photon imaging from the ventral surface of the brain, we show that a systemic homeostatic challenge, acute salt loading, progressively increases hypothalamic vasopressin (VP) neuronal firing and evokes a vasoconstriction that

First ladies in laying the foundation of neuroendocrinology.

Although women were welcomed into medical practice in increasing numbers by the close of the nineteenth century, it was not until the second quarter of the twentieth century that they were recognised as valuable collaborators and contributors in the nascent field of neuroendocrinology, wherein they soon made advances that have stood the test of time. Mary Pickford at Edinburgh measured the action of acetyl choline in the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus and helped to establish that vasopressin and oxytocin are formed in separate and distinct neurons. Berta Scharrer, like her future husba…

Light microscopic immunocytochemical localization of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in rat brain: topographical distribution and relation to cholinergic and catecholaminergic nuclei.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC; EC 1.2.4.1, EC 2.3.1.12 and EC 1.6.4.3) includes 3 catalytically active mitochondrial enzymes involved in the formation of cellular energy through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and in the synthesis of ACh. We sought to determine whether immunocytochemically detected PDHC was enriched in neurons of the rat CNS, and, if so, whether the perikarya containing higher levels of PDHC immunoreactivity were differentially distributed with respect to their size or location within nuclear groups containing ACh, catecholamines or other unidentified transmitters. Under t

Impaired oxytocin signalling in the central amygdala in rats with chronic heart failure.

Heart failure (HF) patients suffer from cognitive decline and mood impairments, but the molecular signals and brain circuits underlying thes … local GABAergic circuits. We found that most of OTergic innervation of the CeA originated from the supraoptic nucleus (SON). While no differences in the numbers of SON→CeA OTergic neurons was observed between sham and HF rats, we observed a blunted content and release of OT from axonal terminals within the CeA. Moreover, we report downregulation of neuronal and ast …

Social and neuroendocrine phenotypes reprogrammed by endocrine-disrupting chemicals can be mitigated by Limosilactobacillus reuteri modulation of the gut microbiome-thyroid-oxytocin axis.

INTRODUCTION: Environmental factors are increasingly implicated in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Polybrominated diphenyl e … duction in Mct8 and Dio3 transcripts on OXT-ergic neurons with minimal LR protection. In the female supraoptic nucleus (SON), Mct8 and Dio3 were downregulated by DE-71 and normalized in DE-71+LR; there were no group effects on transcript levels in male SON. Results of fecal 16S rRNA sequencing indicated reduced α-diversity and altered β-diversity in the gut bacteria …

Effects of dehydration on endocrine regulation of the electrolyte and fluid balance and atrial natriuretic peptide-binding sites in perinatally malnourished adult male rats.

OBJECTIVE: The first aim of this work was to investigate, under basal conditions in adult male rats, the long-term consequences of perinatal … mmunoassay. Hypothalamic VP gene expression was determined in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON) by in situ hybridization. The B(max) and K(d) values of ANP receptors were evaluated from Scatchard plots. ANP receptor gene expression was determined by Northern blot analysis. RESULTS: Under basal conditions, perinatal malnutrition reduced …

Oxytocin in growth, reproduction, restoration and health.

This article summarizes my scientific work and describes some personal experiences during this period. After my basal medical training (MD) (1971), I obtained a PhD in pharmacology (1976) and ended up as a professor of Physiology. My initial studies were within the field of gastroenterology. I showed that the gastrointestinal hormone gastrin, which stimulates HCL secretion in the stomach, was released in response to stimulation of the vagal nerve. Later I showed that the entire endocrine system of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that promotes digestion and anabolic metabolism and growth was un

Полимеризация тубулинов, пропагандирующая протеины: функциональное разнообразие с последствиями в неврологических расстройствах.

Полимеризация тубулинов, пропагандирующая протеины (ПППН), в значительной степени сохраняется в различных видах, но по-прежнему недостаточно изучена. В организме человека есть три гена ТППЦ, и только один гомологический ген ТППЦ у беспозвоночных, таких как Дрософила и К. Элеган. TPPP человека (TPPP1/p25/p25α) обогащается в мозгу и имеет сходство с беспозвоночными TPPP. TPPP/p25 ассоциируется с микротубулями и играет ключевую роль в динамике микротубуля, слиянии и полимеризации, тем самым стабилизируя микротубулярную сеть. Это крайне важно для организации цитоскелета и надлежащего функционирова

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… TPPP is expressed in the supraoptic nucleus (Lindersson et al.  2005 ), hippocampal neurons, and detected in synaptic membrane and synaptic vesicle preparations (Frykman et al.  2012 ). …

Роль окситоцина и Васопрессина в нейропсихиатрических расстройствах: терапевтический потенциал агонистов и антагонистов.

Окситоцин (OT) и вазопрессин (AVP) являются гипоталамическими нейропептидами, которые традиционно ассоциируются с их регулирующей ролью в размножении, гомеостазисе воды и социальном поведении. Интересно, что в последние годы эта роль расширилась и эти нейропептиды стали лечебными мишенями для различных нейропсихиатрических заболеваний, таких, как аутизм, зависимость, шизофрения, депрессия и тревожное расстройство. В связи с химическими и физическими характеристиками этих нейропептидов, включая короткий период полураспада, плохое проникновение через мозговые барьеры, беспорядочность для AVP и O

Окисляющий/нетрозирующий стресс, апоптоз и сигнализация " Redox " : основные игроки в нейродегенеративных заболеваниях.

Нейродегенеративные заболевания представляют собой серьезную проблему для здоровья, которая оказывает глубокое воздействие на качество и продолжительность жизни миллионов людей. Эти заболевания характеризуются патологическими изменениями в различных областях мозга, конкретными генетическими мутациями, связанными с болезнью, залежами аномальных белков и дегенерацией неврологических клеток. Поскольку нейродегенеративные расстройства различаются по своим эпидемиологическим характеристикам и степени уязвимости нейронов, лечение этих заболеваний обычно направлено на замедление развития заболеваний.

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… A., “Effects of Nitric Oxide on Magnocellular Neurons of the Supraoptic Nucleus Involve Multiple Mechanisms,” Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 47, no. 2 (2014): 90–100. 55. Barnett S. D. and Buxton I. L. …

Genetic Syndromes, Maternal Diseases and Antenatal Factors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affecting about 1% of all children is associated, in addition to complex genetic factors, with a variety of prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal etiologies. In addition, ASD is often an important clinical presentation of some well-known genetic syndromes in human. We discuss these syndromes as well as the role of the more important prenatal factors affecting the fetus throughout pregnancy which may also be associated with ASD. Among the genetic disorders we find Fragile X, Rett syndrome, tuberous sclerosis, Timothy syndrome, Phelan-McDermid syndrome, Hamartoma tumo