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Radioprotectors & mitigators in radiation therapy: Harnessing diverse pathways for optimizing clinical outcomes.

Radioprotectors are agents that protect normal tissues from the harmful effects of radiation during cancer treatment. Combining these protective agents with advanced radiotherapy techniques such as stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and proton therapy offers a promising strategy to enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing normal tissue toxicity. However, despite extensive research and the identification of numerous potential radioprotectors, only a few have made it into clinical practice. It is primarily because the transition from laboratory research to clinical application faces sign

Crosslink between atrial fibrillation and cancer: a therapeutic conundrum.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is more common in patients with malignancies than in general population. The pathophysiological processes include the pro-inflammatory condition and the exaggerated inflammatory reaction to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery interventions. Thus, it is pivotal to decrease morbidity and mortality in this group by providing appropriate care and prevention. In this subset, the risk of thromboembolic and bleeding events is high and the common risk score such as CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED employed in non-oncologic patients have limited evidence in cancer patients. A pauc

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… Reasons for elevated increased hypercoagulative state are unclear but evidence suggest that cancer and AF shared increased level of circulating pro-coagulative factors (von Willebrand factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, tissue factor, microvesicles, and neutrophil extracellular traps) [ 18 ], …

Demethylating Agents in the Treatment of Cancer.

Gene silencing resulting from aberrant DNA methylation can lead to tumorigenesis. Therefore, drugs that inhibit or interfere with DNA methylation have been used to reactivate and induce silenced gene re-expression in malignancies. Two demethylating agents, azacitidine and decitabine, are approved for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and are now considered the standard of care in MDS. In this review, we discuss clinical data, including clinical benefits and toxicities, which led to the approval of azacitidine and decitabine. We als

Phage Display Derived Monoclonal Antibodies: From Bench to Bedside.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have become one of the most important classes of biopharmaceutical products, and they continue to dominate the universe of biopharmaceutical markets in terms of approval and sales. They are the most profitable single product class, where they represent six of the top ten selling drugs. At the beginning of the 1990s, an in vitro antibody selection technology known as antibody phage display was developed by John McCafferty and Sir. Gregory Winter that enabled the discovery of human antibodies for diverse applications, particularly antibody-based drugs. They created c

Anti-Cancer Potential of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids Present in Cannabis.

In recent years, and even more since its legalization in several jurisdictions, cannabis and the endocannabinoid system have received an increasing amount of interest related to their potential exploitation in clinical settings. Cannabinoids have been suggested and shown to be effective in the treatment of various conditions. In cancer, the endocannabinoid system is altered in numerous types of tumours and can relate to cancer prognosis and disease outcome. Additionally, cannabinoids display anticancer effects in several models by suppressing the proliferation, migration and/or invasion of can

Metabolic reprogramming in cancer and senescence.

The rising trend in global cancer incidence has caused widespread concern, one of the main reasons being the aging of the global population. Statistical data show that cancer incidence and mortality rates show a clear upward trend with age. Although there is a commonality between dysregulated nutrient sensing, which is one of the main features of aging, and metabolic reprogramming of tumor cells, the specific regulatory relationship is not clear. This manuscript intends to comprehensively analyze the relationship between senescence and tumor metabolic reprogramming; as well as reveal the impac

Revolutionizing ovarian cancer therapy by drug repositioning for accelerated and cost-effective treatments.

Drug repositioning, the practice of identifying novel applications for existing drugs beyond their originally intended medical indications, stands as a transformative strategy revolutionizing pharmaceutical productivity. In contrast to conventional drug development approaches, this innovative method has proven to be exceptionally effective. This is particularly relevant for cancer therapy, where the demand for groundbreaking treatments continues to grow. This review focuses on drug repositioning for ovarian cancer treatment, showcasing a comprehensive exploration grounded in thorough in vitro

Precision Reprogramming in CAR-T Cell Therapy: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions of Advanced Gene Editing.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy represents a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy, demonstrating impressive clinical outcomes, particularly for hematologic malignancies. However, its broader therapeutic application, especially against solid tumors, remains limited. Key challenges include T cell exhaustion, limited persistence, cytokine-mediated toxicities, and logistical hurdles associated with manufacturing autologous products. Emerging gene editing technologies, such as CRISPR/Cas systems, base editing, and prime editing, offer novel approaches to optimize CAR-T cells, aiming

Retinal Vein Occlusion-Background Knowledge and Foreground Knowledge Prospects-A Review.

Thrombosis of retinal veins is one of the most common retinal vascular diseases that may lead to vascular blindness. The latest epidemiological data leave no illusions that the burden on the healthcare system, as impacted by patients with this diagnosis, will increase worldwide. This obliges scientists to search for new therapeutic and diagnostic options. In the 21st century, there has been tremendous progress in retinal imaging techniques, which has facilitated a better understanding of the mechanisms related to the development of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its complications, and conseq

Molecular targeted therapy for anticancer treatment.

Since the initial clinical approval in the late 1990s and remarkable anticancer effects for certain types of cancer, molecular targeted therapy utilizing small molecule agents or therapeutic monoclonal antibodies acting as signal transduction inhibitors has served as a fundamental backbone in precision medicine for cancer treatment. These approaches are now used clinically as first-line therapy for various types of human cancers. Compared to conventional chemotherapy, targeted therapeutic agents have efficient anticancer effects with fewer side effects. However, the emergence of drug resistanc

Polydatin: Pharmacological Mechanisms, Therapeutic Targets, Biological Activities, and Health Benefits.

Polydatin is a natural potent stilbenoid polyphenol and a resveratrol derivative with improved bioavailability. Polydatin possesses potential biological activities predominantly through the modulation of pivotal signaling pathways involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Various imperative biological activities have been suggested for polydatin towards promising therapeutic effects, including anticancer, cardioprotective, anti-diabetic, gastroprotective, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-microbial, as well as health-promoting roles on the renal system, the respiratory s

Alternative Splicing: A Critical Regulator in Human Bone Biology and Tumor Progression.

Alternative splicing (AS) is the central mechanism of transcriptional regulation and generates diverse splice variants that influence protein structure, function, and intracellular activity. AS plays critical roles in tissue differentiation, organ development, and disease progression. This review focuses on the pivotal roles of AS in bone biology, highlighting its regulatory effects on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, chondrocytes, bone matrix remodeling, and bone remodeling, as well as the involvement of AS-related RNA-binding proteins in these processes. We also emphasize bone-specific AS events an

Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: mechanisms and clinical studies.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consist of monoclonal antibodies that target tumor cells and cytotoxic drugs linked through linkers. By leveraging antibodies' targeting properties, ADCs deliver cytotoxic drugs into tumor cells via endocytosis after identifying the tumor antigen. This precise method aims to kill tumor cells selectively while minimizing harm to normal cells, offering safe and effective therapeutic benefits. Recent years have seen significant progress in antitumor treatment with ADC development, providing patients with new and potent treatment options. With over 300 ADCs explored

Protein kinase CK2: a potential therapeutic target for diverse human diseases.

CK2 is a constitutively active Ser/Thr protein kinase, which phosphorylates hundreds of substrates, controls several signaling pathways, and is implicated in a plethora of human diseases. Its best documented role is in cancer, where it regulates practically all malignant hallmarks. Other well-known functions of CK2 are in human infections; in particular, several viruses exploit host cell CK2 for their life cycle. Very recently, also SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has been found to enhance CK2 activity and to induce the phosphorylation of several CK2 substrates (ei

Моноклональные антитела: от волшебной пули до точного оружия.

Моноклональные антитела (mAbs) используются для профилактики, обнаружения и лечения широкого спектра неинфекционных и инфекционных заболеваний. За последние несколько лет рынок МП рос экспоненциально, при этом ожидаемый совокупный годовой прирост (CAGR) составил 11.07% от 2024 (В тыс.237.64 млрд. долл. США на конец 2023) к 2033 (В тыс.679.03 млрд. долл. США к концу 2033). С момента появления технологии гибридомы 1975, терапия на базе антител была реализована с использованием муринных антител, которые стали еще более гуманизированными и полностью человеческими антителами, что уменьшило риск имм

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… However, mAbs may also promote the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) or limit the bacterium's ability to survive in macrophages by enhancing phagosome maturation [ 339 , 340 ]. …

Nanogel-Based Precision Bone Regeneration: Rational Design, Biological Barrier Penetration, and Osteoporotic Microenvironment Remodeling.

The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is primarily associated with impaired communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts, leading to disrupted bone homeostasis. Conventional biomaterials mainly rely on macroscopic structural support and are limited in their ability to precisely regulate the complex bone microenvironment and overcome biological barriers. As representative soft matter nanoplatforms, nanogels possess unique viscoelastic mechanical properties and adaptive biointerfacial properties, offering new opportunities to overcome physical barriers within bone tissues. Moving beyond previous

Drug-Induced Periocular and Ocular Surface Disorders: An EAACI Position Paper.

Various systemic and topical medications can induce ocular and periocular cutaneous adverse effects (AEs), ranging from mild to severe. These AEs may lead to ocular surface (OS) damage and, in some cases, life-threatening complications. Drug-induced ocular adverse reactions are generally classified into two primary categories: toxic reactions and/or allergic hypersensitivity reactions, which can be IgE or non-IgE-mediated. Systemic antibiotics, antivirals, and anticonvulsants can trigger adverse reactions that may involve the OS. Drugs like antihistamines, beta-blockers, antipsychotics, antide

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… However, HLA alleles alone are insufficient; granulysin, TNF‐α, mitochondrial apoptosis [ 21 ], neutrophil extracellular traps [ 22 ], and necroptosis also contribute to keratinocyte death [ 20 , 21 , 23 ]. …

Cardiovascular Biomarkers in Cardio-Oncology: Antineoplastic Drug Cardiotoxicity and Beyond.

Serum biomarkers represent a reproducible, sensitive, minimally invasive and inexpensive method to explore possible adverse cardiovascular effects of antineoplastic treatments. They are useful tools in risk stratification, the early detection of cardiotoxicity and the follow-up and prognostic assessment of cancer patients. In this literature review, we aim at describing the current state of knowledge on the meaning and the usefulness of cardiovascular biomarkers in patients with cancer; analyzing the intricate relationship between cancer and cardiovascular disease (especially HF) and how this

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… Myeloperoxidase (MPO): myeloid-lineage-restricted enzyme with bactericidal properties, found in the azurophilic granules of neutrophils, involved in the neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that are implicated in myocardial infarction and in serious cardiovascular events [ 121 ]. …

Proceedings of the RAMI Intern Section Meeting.

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Cellular zinc metabolism and zinc signaling: from biological functions to diseases and therapeutic targets.

Zinc metabolism at the cellular level is critical for many biological processes in the body. A key observation is the disruption of cellular homeostasis, often coinciding with disease progression. As an essential factor in maintaining cellular equilibrium, cellular zinc has been increasingly spotlighted in the context of disease development. Extensive research suggests zinc's involvement in promoting malignancy and invasion in cancer cells, despite its low tissue concentration. This has led to a growing body of literature investigating zinc's cellular metabolism, particularly the functions of