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Antifibrotic therapy for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms secondary to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND: Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms secondary to Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (LUTS/BPH) are a ubiquitous condition estimated to affect over 50% of men over the age of 50 years. Various treatment options exist for men presenting with LUTS/BPH, including lifestyle and behavioral modification and medical or surgical treatment. Although multiple medical treatments exist, innovation for the medical treatment of BPH has not significantly progressed. METHODS: A comprehensive narrative review was performed to evaluate prostate fibrosis as a contributor to LUTS/BPH and to identify potential anti

Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH): Optimal Management.

Hyponatremia, defined as serum sodium concentration <135 mEq/l, is the most common electrolyte balance disorder in clinical practice. Many causes are listed, but syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) is certainly the most relevant, mainly in oncological and hospitalized patients. In this review, the pathophysiological and clinical aspects are described in detail. Patients' extensive medical history and structured physical and biochemical tests are considered the milestones marking the way of the SIADH management as to provide early detection and proper correction. We

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… If the patient survives, the central nervous system carries out its adaptation process, which consists of the displacement of solutes, mainly potassium and small molecules, from brain cells to the extracellular space, trying to restore the brain volume. …

Exploring the FGF/FGFR System in Ocular Tumors: New Insights and Perspectives.

Ocular tumors are a family of rare neoplasms that develop in the eye. Depending on the type of cancer, they mainly originate from cells localized within the retina, the uvea, or the vitreous. Even though current treatments (e.g., radiotherapy, transpupillary thermotherapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, local resection, or enucleation) achieve the control of the local tumor in the majority of treated cases, a significant percentage of patients develop metastatic disease. In recent years, new targeting therapies and immuno-therapeutic approaches have been evaluated. Nevertheless, the search for nov

Extracellular Vesicles in Multiple Myeloma-Cracking the Code to a Better Understanding of the Disease.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell-derived malignancy that stands for around 1.5% of newly discovered cancer cases. Despite constantly improving treatment methods, the disease is incurable with over 13,000 deaths in the US and over 30,000 in Europe. Recent studies suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) might play a significant role in the pathogenesis and evolution of MM. Further investigation of their role could prove to be beneficial in establishing new therapies and hence, improve the prognosis of MM patients. What is more, EVs might serve as novel markers in diagnosing and monitorin

Тенсорная диффузия МРТ и NODDI в классификации множественных склерозов.

СПРАВОЧНАЯ ИНФОРМАЦИЯ: Многокамерные модели диффузии и многокамерные приобретения все чаще используются для преодоления ограничений, связанных с обычной диффузионной тенсорной съемкой, но требуют более длительных сканирования и более сложной обработки. В то же время исследования по диффузионной классификации МРТ часто основываются на узком наборе тенсорных метрик, особенно на фракционной анизотропии. Мы изучили вопрос о том, может ли более широкое использование настольных элементов, включая дескрипторы формы, улучшить классификацию без повышения сложности приобретения.МЕТОДЫ: МРИ с несколькими

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… Mean and radial diffusivity were higher in patients in every region where they differed significantly, with median effect sizes near 0.8, which is consistent with a spatially uniform expansion of the extracellular space. …

Характеристика повреждений ногой femoris в остеоартрите на различных этапах и эффект акупотомии с помощью ультразвука.

ВВЕДЕНИЕ: Хроническое повреждение мышцы rectus femoris вызывает и усугубляет прогрессирование остеоартрита колена (КОА). Однако характеристики повреждения мышцы rectus femoris в KOA на различных этапах не были в полной мере описаны. Цель этого исследования состояла в том, чтобы проанализировать структуру повреждений мышцы rectus femoris на различных стадиях KOA и изучить механизм, с помощью которого ультразвуковые акупотомические операции могут предотвращать и контролировать KOA. МЕТОДЫ: Ранние, средние и поздние модели кроликов KOA были построены с использованием модифицированного метода Vide

One CHiP to rule them all? Mechanistic insight into carfilzomib-induced lung injury with neutrophil extracellular trap formation following cellular immunotherapy.

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… Specifically, citrullination of histone H3 (cit-H3) leads to decondensation of the chromatin which then is ejected into the extracellular space. 11 Neutrophil elastase (NE), which in homeostasis is rapidly inactivated in the blood by abundant α1-antitrypsin, is protected by NET from inactivation. …

Cellular Pathogenesis of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: Insights From Drosophila and Human-Engineered Skin Models.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a highly prevalent and complex condition arising from chemotherapy cancer treatments. Currently, there are no treatment or prevention options in the clinic. CIPN accompanies pain-related sensory functions starting from the hands and feet. Studies focusing on neurons in vitro and in vivo models significantly advanced our understanding of CIPN pathological mechanisms. However, given the direct toxicity shown in both neurons and non-neuronal cells, effective in vivo or in vitro models that allow the investigation of neurons in their local envir

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… Arborization of neuronal axons is also mediated by various signal inputs in the extracellular space, including positive and negative ECM cues in the skin. Specialized ECM proteins play pivotal roles in axonal branching and patterning ( 149 ). …

Osteocytes and Bone Metastasis.

Bone is the most frequent site of breast cancer and prostate cancer metastasis, and one of the most common sites of metastasis for many solid tumors. Once cancer cells colonize in the bone, it imposes a major clinical challenge for the treatment of the disease, and fatality rates increase drastically. Bone, the largest organ in the body, provides a fertile microenvironment enriched with nutrients, growth factors and hormones, a generous reward for cancer cells. Dependent on cancer type, cancer cells can cause osteoblastic (bone forming) or osteolytic lesions to promote the net resorption and/o

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… ATP Release by Osteocytes, a Key Component for the Hostile Microenvironment for Cancer As a response to tissue damage and cellular stress, cells, including osteocytes, secrete/release ATP to the extracellular space ( Figure 2 , step ④) ( 65 , 91 , 92 ). …

Unlocking the therapeutic potential of cellular mechanobiology.

Mechanobiology is a rapidly advancing field at the intersection of biology, physics, and engineering that reveals how mechanical forces shape cellular behavior, tissue architecture, and disease progression. By elucidating how cells sense and transduce mechanical cues, mechanobiology has fundamentally advanced our understanding of processes ranging from migration and differentiation to immune responses and tissue remodeling. These advances have driven the development of innovative biophysical tools and engineered biomaterials that enable precise modulation of the cellular microenvironment. Tran

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… Confinement and spatial constraints Matrix curvature can locally modulate confinement and spatial constraints by increasing cellular density within specific regions, but spatial constraints are more broadly imposed by the architecture of the tissue and the dimensions of the extracellular space. …

Effect of pilose antler polypeptide on the mechanism of bone homeostasis in osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis stands out as a prevalent metabolic disorder, bearing significant repercussions on human well-being and overall quality of life. It remains an urgent concern within the global public health framework due to its widespread occurrence. Osteoporosis arises from an abnormal metabolism in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, resulting in a disruption of the delicate equilibrium between bone formation and bone resorption. Within this context, deer antler peptides emerge as natural active compounds, wielding a pivotal role in governing the differentiation, proliferation, and mineralization of os

Multiple cystic lung disease.

Multiple cystic lung disease represents a diverse group of uncommon disorders that can present a diagnostic challenge due to the increasing number of diseases associated with this presentation. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest helps to define the morphological aspects and distribution of lung cysts, as well as associated findings. The combination of appearance upon imaging and clinical features, together with extrapulmonary manifestations, when present, permits confident and accurate diagnosis of the majority of these diseases without recourse to open-lung biopsy. The main dise

Recent Progress of Exosomes in Multiple Myeloma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy that is still incurable. The bone marrow microenvironment (BMM), with cellular and non-cellular components, can create a favorable environment for the survival, proliferation and migration of MM cells, which is the main reason for the failure of MM therapies. Many studies have demonstrated that exosomes play an important role in the tumor-supportive BMM. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that can be released by various cells. Some exosomes contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of MM. MM-derived exosomes act on different cells in the BM

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… MVBs may fuse with lysosomes for degradation, or they may fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing ILVs to the extracellular space [ 8 ]. Rab27A and Rab27B, members of the Rab family, play an important role in the release of exosomes. … On the other hand, with the help of Rab27A and Rab27B, MVBs can transfer to the cellular periphery and fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing ILVs known as exosomes into extracellular space. …

The Role of Fc-like Receptor 3 in the Pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis involves a complex interplay of genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and autoimmune mechanisms that lead to chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane. Fc-like receptor 3 (FcRL3) is a receptor encoded by the FCRL3 gene, located on the long arm of chromosome 1 at 1q23.1. Polymorphisms in the promoter region of FCRL3, rather than elsewhere in the gene, primarily affect the level of protein expression, which is of clinical significance. Understanding the structure of FcRL3, particularly in the context of genetic variants, is therefore importan

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… The membrane can be represented as a horizontal line, with the extracellular space above and the cytoplasm below. … The N-terminal region of FcRL3 projects into the extracellular space, where six Ig-like domains are arranged in a roughly linear sequence, with slight angling between them, resembling a gently curved row of beads [ 25 ]. …

Иммунный код мозга: декодирование антигенной презентации на менингеальном-глимфатичном интерфейсе в неврологических расстройствах.

Классический взгляд на иммунную привилегию центральной нервной системы (СНС) эволюционировал от изоляции к регулируемому перекрестному разговору. Перенос церебральных цереброспинных флюидов и менингетических лимфатических сосудов (mLVs) переносят молекулы, полученные из головного мозга, на эмунизированные пограничные ткани и лимфатические узлы шейки матки, где антигенные клетки (APC) декодируют этот молекулярный дренаж в адаптивный иммунитет. Мы настраиваем эту последовательность как код мозга, в котором личность, время, маршрут и клеточный проводник экспортированных антигенов коллективно дикт

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… From parenchymal transport to meningeal sampling Upstream antigen availability begins with movement through the brain extracellular space. …

Biomarkers of Tumor Metastasis and Invasiveness.

The identification of proteins as new cancer diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers continues to attract considerable attention in the oncology literature, especially in the context of invasion and metastasis activation process [...].

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… Another field of investigation is represented by enzymes secreted into the extracellular spaces. …

Advancements in Biomarkers and Molecular Targets in Hematological Neoplasias.

Hematological neoplasias are among the most common cancers worldwide, and the number of new cases has been on the rise since 1990, reaching 1 [...].

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… EVs are a heterogeneous group of lipid bilayer-enclosed particles synthesized and secreted into the extracellular space by different types of cells. …

Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac amyloidosis: position statement of the German Cardiac Society (DGK).

Systemic forms of amyloidosis affecting the heart are mostly light-chain (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidoses. The latter is caused by deposition of misfolded transthyretin, either in wild-type (ATTRwt) or mutant (ATTRv) conformation. For diagnostics, specific serum biomarkers and modern non-invasive imaging techniques, such as cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) and scintigraphic methods, are available today. These imaging techniques do not only complement conventional echocardiography, but also allow for accurate assessment of the extent of cardiac involvement, in addition t

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… space with specific mapping techniques. … The detection of a diffuse change in extracellular space with mapping techniques With new methods, the magnetization of the heart muscle can be measured directly (“mapping”). …

Фармакологическая модуляция CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 для нейродисфункций — обзор.

Аксис CXCL12/CXCR4/ACKR3 является важным для развития и гомеостаза мозга. Нарушение регуляции CXCL12 или его рецепторов связано с различными расстройствами ЦНС, связанными с нарушениями нейропластичности, нейроинфляцией, нейродегенерацией и опухолями мозга. Эта сигнальная система представляет собой привлекательную целевую точку для терапии, и значительные усилия привели к разработке и применению специфических фармацевтических модуляторов для нейропатологий. Хотя фармацевтическая модуляция CXCR4 в последние десятилетия была активно изучена, целевой ACKR3 только недавно выделилась как критически

NK3.3-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Penetrate and Selectively Kill Treatment-Resistant Tumor Cells.

Cancer treatments often become ineffective due to the development of tumor resistance, leading to metastasis and relapse. Treatments may also fail because of their inability to access cells deep within the tumor tissue. When this occurs, new therapeutic agents are needed. We previously reported that NK3.3EVs, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from the normal human natural killer (NK) cell line, NK3.3, have strong cytotoxic activity against leukemia and breast cancer cell lines, without harming normal cells. Here, we used a three-dimensional (3D) MCF7 breast cancer mammosphere model to repro

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… EVs are secreted by cells into the extracellular space. They are heterogeneous in size and their contents reflect their biogenesis from the cell. EVs have a structure that consists of a lipid bilayer membrane and an internal luminal space [ 7 ]. …