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Update on gout: pathophysiology and potential treatments.

After several decades of senescence, the twin fields of hyperuricemia and gout have again regained attention in both the scientific and clinical spheres, and this review highlights several recent advancements. Specifically, we review newly discovered mechanisms of uric acid-induced inflammation, uric acid's putative role as a "danger signal" in innate immunity, the possible link between hyperuricemia and cardiovascular disease, and evolutionary evidence suggesting that hyperuricemia conferred a survival advantage in primates (when the gene for uricase was lost) several million years ago. Final…

Colonic adenocarcinoma in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta).

A spontaneous colonic adenocarcinoma and endometriosis was diagnosed in a 34-year-old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). The tumor caused partial obstruction of the ascending colon and histologically resembled the commonly described napkin-ring tumors of the descending and sigmoid colon found in humans. Serum levels of CA 125, a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein antigen that has been reported elevated in a variety of pathological conditions of the pelvic cavity in humans, was severely elevated. Both the adenocarcinoma and the endometriosis may have contributed to this finding.

Echinococcus infections in Colombian animals.

The results of a survey involving more than 4,000 Colombian mammals, carried out to detect Echinococcus infections, are presented. Adult worms were found in 5 of 121 carnivores: E. oligarthrus in 1 of 11 ocelots, 2 of 9 jaguarundi cats and single puma; and E. vogeli in 1 of 15 domestic dogs. Although bush dogs were present, none could be examined. Polycystic larvae were found in 96 of 325 pacas (29.5%) and in 6 of 1,168 (0.5%) spiny rats, Proechimys spp. None of the 118 agouti showed hydatids but an infected heart was provided by hunters. The paca's infection rate increased with age but was no

Perfluorocarbon enhancement of heterologous red cell survival: a reticuloendothelial block effect?

The intravascular survival of human erythrocytes transfused to primate animals was prolonged by infusing the recipients with a perfluorocarbon red cell substitute (Fluosol DA). This effect is probably due to transient block of the animals' reticuloendothelial system by the perfluorocarbon emulsion. Perfluorocarbon compounds could be used to study the role of reticuloendothelial function in the immune destruction of red cells.

Functional connectivity recovers canine-human network homology along the evolutionary cortical hierarchy.

Mapping functional brain organization between species is a prerequisite for translating connectivity biomarkers from animal models to patients, but connectivity-based correspondence has been demonstrated almost exclusively in primates. We tested whether canine-human network homology can be recovered from functional connectivity alone, using only five network-level anatomical priors, and benchmarked a spectral manifold alignment framework (Laplacian-eigenmap embedding with Procrustes alignment on network centroids) against a simple connectivity-signature matching baseline. Data comprised restin…

Early Development of Direction Selectivity in the Higher Visual Cortex.

A fundamental aspect of visual motion processing is the computation of motion direction. In ferrets, as in primates, selectivity for motion direction is found both in early cortical stages like the primary visual cortex (V1) and in higher visual areas like the middle temporal area in primates and the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian (PMLS) area in ferrets. Little is known about how this critical tuning function develops in higher visual cortex. Here, by studying the development of the ferret's motion pathway, we first reveal the surprising finding that direction selectivity (DS) develops ear…

Cross-Species Surveillance of Respiratory Viruses in Domestic and Wild Mammals of an Urban Atlantic Forest from Brazil.

Our aim was to investigate respiratory viruses circulating in animals from the urban Atlantic Forest, which is located in the most densely populated area near Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. This study focused on the detection of Influenza A viruses and diverse coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, in domestic and wild animals, including bats, nonhuman primates, rodents, and marsupials. From August 2020 to September 2022, biological samples were collected from a total of 72 pets, 66 primates, 20 rodents, 36 marsupials, and 390 bats. Samples were tested using RT-PCR for Influenza A and coronaviruses, …

Humans have a longer period of cortical maturation across depth and hierarchy than macaques.

Postnatal brain development in primates involves prolonged structural maturation of the cortex, laying the foundation for advanced perceptual and cognitive functions. In humans, cortical development is thought to progress along a hierarchical gradient from early-maturing sensorimotor regions to later-developing association areas. However, developmental changes across cortical depth, which contribute to both local computation and large-scale network integration, have been largely unexplored. It also remains unclear which features of these maturational trajectories are conserved across primates …

Massive, disseminated and lethal cysticercosis caused by Taenia crassiceps (Cestoda) in captive western grey bamboo lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis Rumpler) in Zoo in the Czech Republic.

Taenia crassiceps (Zeder, 1800), a zoonotic cestode with a wide geographical distribution, utilises canids as definitive hosts and small rodents as intermediate hosts. However, accidental infections in non-human primates, particularly in captive lemurs, have been increasingly documented. In this case report, we describe the first documented case of cysticercosis caused by the larval stage of T. crassiceps (metacestode; also known as Cysticercus longicollis Rudolphi, 1819) in a captive western grey bamboo lemur (Hapalemur occidentalis Rumpler). The affected female lemur showed progressive abdom…

Сравнительный анализ вирусозараженной летучей мыши в Марбурге и моделей человека на основе общедоступных данных о секвенировании с высокой производительностью.

Заболевание вирусом Марбурга (MARV) (MVD) представляет собой необычную, но серьезную вирусную геморрагическую лихорадку, которая оказывает воздействие на человека и нечеловеческих приматов. У людей инфекция МАРВ характеризуется быстрым наступлением, высокой способностью к трансмиссии и высокой смертностью, что создает значительные препятствия для разработки вакцин и лечения. Баты, в частности Русетт аегиптиак, предположительно являются естественными хозяевами МАРВ. Предыдущие исследования показали, что у летучих мышей асимптоматическая инфекция МАРВ резко контрастирует с сильными реакциями, на

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Marburg virus (MARV) disease (MVD) is an uncommon yet serious viral hemorrhagic fever that impacts humans and non-human primates. In humans, infection by the MARV is marked by rapid onset, high transmissibility, and elevated mortality rates, presenting considerable obstacles to the development of vaccines and treatments. Bats, particularly Rousettus aegyptia…

A precisely humanized FCRN transgenic mouse for preclinical pharmacokinetics studies.

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are one of the fastest-growing classes of drugs and have been approved to treat several diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders. Preclinical pharmacokinetics studies are performed to determine the therapeutically meaningful dosages and efficacy of candidate drugs. These studies are typically performed in non-human primates; however, using primates is costly and raises ethical considerations. As a result, rodent models that better mimic human-like pharmacokinetics have been generated and remain an area of active investigation. Pharmacokinetic characteri…

Neuroanatomy of the grey seal brain: bringing pinnipeds into the neurobiological study of vocal learning.

Comparative animal studies of complex behavioural traits, and their neurobiological underpinnings, can increase our understanding of their evolution, including in humans. Vocal learning, a potential precursor to human speech, is one such trait. Mammalian vocal learning is under-studied: most research has either focused on vocal learning in songbirds or its absence in non-human primates. Here, we focus on a highly promising model species for the neurobiology of vocal learning: grey seals (Halichoerus grypus). We provide a neuroanatomical atlas (based on dissected brain slices and magnetic reson…

Modeling the viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious disease caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is spreading and causing the global coronavirus pandemic. The viral dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 infection have not been quantitatively investigated. In this paper, we use mathematical models to study the pathogenic features of SARS-CoV-2 infection by examining the interaction between the virus, cells and immune responses. Models are fit to the data of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients and non-human primates. Data fitting and numerical simulation show tha…

A Subcutaneous Implant of Tenofovir Alafenamide Fumarate Causes Local Inflammation and Tissue Necrosis in Rabbits and Macaques.

We describe the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of a subcutaneous reservoir implant delivering tenofovir alafenamide hemifumarate (TAF) for … cal inflammation and necrosis near the implant in rhesus macaques. The level of inflammation in the primates was markedly lower in the placebo group than in the active-implant group. The histological inflammatory response to the TAF implant at 4 and 12 weeks in primates was graded as a severe reaction. Thus, while we were able to achieve a sustained target …

ORONASAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMAS IN FRANÇOIS' LANGURS (TRACHYPITHECUS FRANCOISI).

Squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) are common oronasal tumors in nonhuman primates. In this study, 11 cases of oronasal SCC in François' langurs ( Trachypithecus francoisi ) are described. Five initial cases were discovered on review of the North American François' langur studbook, with a potential familial pattern observed. The studbook was used to identify related individuals, and records were requested for review. Six additional cases were documented, and samples from all cases were submitted for microscopic review, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and in…

68Ga-NOTA-Functionalized Ubiquicidin: Cytotoxicity, Biodistribution, Radiation Dosimetry, and First-in-Human PET/CT Imaging of Infections.

Ubiquicidin is an antimicrobial peptide with great potential for nuclear imaging of infectious diseases, as its cationic-rich fragment TGRAK … PET/CT-based biodistribution, pharmacokinetics, and radiation dosimetry were performed on nonhuman primates. Two healthy volunteers and 3 patients with suspected infection underwent 68Ga-NOTA-UBI PET/CT imaging. Results: Negligible cytotoxicity was determined for NOTA-UBI. 68Ga-NOTA-UBI showed moderate blood clearance (29-min half-life) and predominant re …

Molecular species identification of Trichuris trichiura in African green monkey on St. Kitts, West Indies.

The population of African green monkeys (AGM, Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) on St. Kitts, West Indies is believed to be as large as or greater than the human population. Interactions with humans are frequent and the pathogens carried by AGM, such as Trichuris spp., may pose a risk to humans. The objectives of this study were to assess the use of molecular methods for diagnosing Trichuris spp. in AGM and compare its DNA sequences to those of Trichuris spp. found in other non-human primates and humans. Fecal samples were collected from trapped and individually housed AGM between January and Dece…

Review of the medical and legal literature on restraint chairs.

Use of restraint chairs by law enforcement for violent individuals has generated controversy and a source of litigation because of reported … es investigating the physiological or psychological effects of using a restraint chair on humans or primates. Of these studies, 20 were performed on primates. The single human study revealed no clinically significant effects from the restraint chair on test subjects. The legal literature review revealed very few cases where the restraint chair was either a …