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Markers of bone turnover for the management of patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer.

Although increased bone formation is a prominent feature of patients with osteosclerotic metastases from prostate cancer, there is also some evidence for increased bone resorption. The aim of this study was to compare the clinical utility of new bone resorption markers to that of bone formation in patients with bone metastases from prostate cancer before and after bisphosphonate treatment. Thirty-nine patients with prostate cancer and bone metastasis, nine patients with prostate cancer without bone metastases, nine patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia and 355 healthy age-matched men were

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… Elimination of alkaline phosphatases from circulation by the galactose receptor. Different isoforms are cleared at various rates. Clin Chim Acta. 1998 Feb 23;270(2):125–137. doi: 10.1016/s0009-8981(97)00217-9. Body J. J., Coleman R. E., Piccart M. Use of bisphosphonates in cancer patients. …

Protein-Based Adjuvants for Vaccines as Immunomodulators of the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Future Opportunities.

New-generation vaccines, formulated with subunits or nucleic acids, are less immunogenic than classical vaccines formulated with live-attenuated or inactivated pathogens. This difference has led to an intensified search for additional potent vaccine adjuvants that meet safety and efficacy criteria and confer long-term protection. This review provides an overview of protein-based adjuvants (PBAs) obtained from different organisms, including bacteria, mollusks, plants, and humans. Notably, despite structural differences, all PBAs show significant immunostimulatory properties, eliciting B-cell- a

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… Specifically, SBA is a tetrameric N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) and galactose-specific lectin that forms a unique cross-linked composite with a variety of naturally occurring and synthetic multi-antennary carbohydrates with terminal GalNAc or galactose residues [ 106 ]. … Indeed, we have previously shown that murine APCs internalize hemocyanins in a glycosylation-dependent manner through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain a CTLD, such as the mannose receptor (MR) and macrophage galactose lectin (MGL) [ 98 , 99 ] ( Figure 4 ). …

Home Treatment of Older People with Symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection (COVID-19): A structured Summary of a Study Protocol for a Multi-Arm Multi-Stage (MAMS) Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Tolerability of Several Experimental Treatments to Reduce the Risk of Hospitalisation or Death in outpatients aged 65 years or older (COVERAGE trial).

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of several repurposed drugs to prevent hospitalisation or death in patients aged 65 or more with recent s … (GFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m²); Dialysis; Hypersentivity to lactose; Lactase deficiency; Abnormalities in galactose metabolism; Malabsorption syndrome; Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency; Symptomatic hyperuricemia; Ileus; Colitis; Enterocolitis; Chronic hepatitis B virus disease. The trial is being conducted in France in the Bordeaux, Corse, Dijon, Nanc …

Ига Ассоциированный Васкулит, вызывающий острый брюшной синдром у старшего пациента.

Васкулит, связанный с васкулитом (IgaV), хотя и относительно необычный для взрослых, часто ассоциируется с повышенной строгостью васкулита. Внезапная боль в брюшной полости и кровавый диарей являются обычными проявлениями ИГАВ у детей. У пожилых пациентов клинические проявления болезни могут быть типичными, но преклонный возраст и сходство могут сделать окончательный диагноз неожиданным. СЛУЧАЙ СЛЕДУЮЩЕЕ СООБЩЕНИЕ: 67-летний мужчина с множественными основными медицинскими заболеваниями, включая сахарный диабет и артериальную гипертонию, был допущен с острой болью в животе. Базовая оценка выяви

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… A small proportion of the population might have a genetic susceptibility to IgAV: individuals with abnormalities in O-glycan biosynthesis have a higher frequency of galactose-deficient-IgA1 (Gd-IgA1)-anti-glycan-IgG immune complex deposits in the mesangium, leading to inflammation and cellular proliferation …

A Milestone: Approval of CEUS for Diagnostic Liver Imaging in Adults and Children in the USA.

The approval of microbubbles with the inert gas sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and a palmitic acid shell (SonoVue(®), Bracco Geneva, CH) for the … igatory contrast administration.Studies of SHU 508 - microbubbles of air moderately stabilized with galactose and palmitic acid - began in 1990 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 and the contrast agent was then introduced in 1995 in Germany as Levovist(®). The most important publications by Blomley, Cosgrove, Leen, and Albrecht are named here on a representative basis 16 …

Biologics and Non-Biologics Immunosuppressive Treatments for IgA Nephropathy in Both Adults and Children.

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy represents the most prevalent cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide and may lead to renal failure in a relevant number of cases in both paediatric and adult subjects. Although their pathogenesis is still largely unclear, evidence of immune abnormalities provides the background for the use of immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, and antiproliferative and alkylating agents. Unfortunately, these treatments fail to achieve a sustained remission in a significant percentage of affected patients and are burdened by significant toxiciti

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… The pathogenesis of IgAN has yet to be completely elucidated and the so-called “4-hit hypothesis” stands as the most widely accepted theory: the cornerstone of the hypothesis is represented by the galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) production (hit-1) that acts as an antigen for the development of autoantibodies … RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial; iv: intravenous; eGFR: estimated Glomerular Filtration Ratio; sc: subcutaneous; Gd-IgA1: galactose-deficient IgA1. …

IgA Nephropathy: Current Treatment and New Insights.

IgA Nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Despite the histopathologic hallmark of mesangial IgA deposition, IgAN is a heterogenous autoimmune disease not only in terms of clinical presentation but also in long-term disease progression. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and includes the generation of circulating IgA immune complexes with chemical and biological characteristics that favor mesangial deposition and reaction to mesangial under-glycosylated IgA1 accumulation, which leads to tissue injury with glomerulosclerosis and interstitial

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… “First hit” refers to the production of aberrant galactose-deficient IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) by plasma cells, leading to the synthesis of autoantibodies directed against the aberrant, Gd-IgA1 (“second hit”). … Inhibition of Immune Complex-Activated Complement Activity Topical complement activation has a role in the pathogenesis of IgAN, as pathogenic immune complexes of galactose deficient IgA1 can activate both the alternative and lectin pathways, leading to the generation of the membrane attack complex …

Hepatocellular carcinoma: Understanding molecular mechanisms for defining potential clinical modalities.

Liver cancer is the sixth most commonly occurring cancer and costs millions of lives per year. The diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has relied on scanning techniques and serum-based markers such as α-fetoprotein. These measures have limitations due to their detection limits and asymptomatic conditions during the early stages, resulting in late-stage cancer diagnosis where targeted chemotherapy or systemic treatment with sorafenib is offered. However, the aid of conventional therapy for patients in the advanced stage of HCC has limited outcomes. Thus, it is essential to seek a new tr

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… | 1-2 cm HCC lesion | [ 102 ] Magnetic resonance imaging | High resolution anatomic details, pre-contrast and multi-phasic enhanced 3D; Diffusion weighted imaging-functional imaging | 2-3 cm HCC lesion | [ 103 ] Positron emission tomography | Hepatocyte-specific PET tracer, 2-[18F] fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactose … Ginsburg A Zakher B Pappas M Graham E Sullivan SD Imaging Techniques for the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Ann Intern Med 2015 162 697 711 25984845 10.7326/M14-2509 104 Sørensen M Frisch K Bender D Keiding S The potential use of 2-[¹⁸F]fluoro-2-deoxy-D-galactose …

New strategies and perspectives on managing IgA nephropathy.

IgA nephropathy is an inflammatory renal disease characterised by the deposition of IgA in the glomerular mesangium and is the most commonly reported primary glomerulonephritis worldwide. Thirty to forty percent of patients with the disease develop progressive renal function decline, requiring renal replacement therapy within two decades of diagnosis. Despite this, accurate individual risk stratification at diagnosis and predicting treatment response remains a challenge. Furthermore, there are currently no disease specific treatments currently licensed to treat the condition due to long standi

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… It is thought to reduce upper airway infections and consequently the production of poorly O- galactosylated IgA1 (galactose deficient or Gd-IgA1) [ 47 – 50 ]. … Nakata J Suzuki Y Suzuki H Sato D Kano T Yanagawa H Changes in nephritogenic serum galactose-deficient IgA1 in IgA nephropathy following tonsillectomy and steroid therapy PLoS One 2014 9 2 e89707 24586974 10.1371/journal.pone.0089707 PMC3931817 49. …

Interventions for idiopathic steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome in children.

BACKGROUND: The majority of children who present with their first episode of nephrotic syndrome achieve remission with corticosteroid therap … remission because the certainty of the evidence is very low. It is uncertain whether adalimumab or galactose compared with conservative therapy increases the likelihood of remission because the certainty of the evidence is very low. Two studies reported that ACEi may reduce proteinuria in children with SRNS. One study reported that the dual angiotensin II …

Fucoidan Structure and Activity in Relation to Anti-Cancer Mechanisms.

Fucoidan is a natural derived compound found in different species of brown algae and in some animals, that has gained attention for its anticancer properties. However, the exact mechanism of action is currently unknown. Therefore, this review will address fucoidans structure, the bioavailability, and all known different pathways affected by fucoidan, in order to formulate fucoidans structure and activity in relation to its anti-cancer mechanisms. The general bioactivity of fucoidan is difficult to establish due to factors like species-related structural diversity, growth conditions, and the ex

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… R = uronic acid/rhamnose/glucose/galactose/xylose/mannose/arabinose/ribose/glucuronic acid (common found monosaccharides in fucoidan) [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ]. … Studies report that the presence of different other sugars like galactose or xylose, are only important because of the attached sulfate groups [ 16 ]. …

Targeting the P-selectin/PSGL-1 pathway: discovery of disease-modifying therapeutics for disorders of thromboinflammation.

P-selectin is a membrane glycoprotein and a member of the selectin family of cell adhesion molecules. It is prestored in α-granules of platelets and Weibel-Palade bodies of endothelial cells and is rapidly expressed on their surfaces upon activation during the course of an inflammatory response. Although a critical component of the innate immune system, the interaction of P-selectin with its cognate ligand, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1 (PSGL-1) may mediate maladaptive events central to the pathophysiology of venous thromboembolism, cardiovascular disease, stroke, metabolic syndrome, and si

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… GlycoMimetics has been at the forefront of the design of a series of pan-selectin inhibitors containing essential sLe X binding motifs, including fucose, galactose, and a carboxylate group as a sialic acid mimic, along with a sulfonated naphthalene ring. 67 The most promising candidate, rivipansel (GMI … exhibit anti-inflammatory properties, high micromolar concentrations of heparin are typically required to inhibit P-selectin, which may explain the limited efficacy of this class of compounds. 84 Galactoxylan is a plant-derived hemicellulose polysaccharide composed of a backbone of xylose residues with galactose …

Defining diagnostic trajectories in patients with podocytopathies.

Podocytopathies are glomerular disorders in which podocyte injury drives proteinuria and progressive kidney disease. They encompass a broad spectrum of aetiologies, resulting in pathological pictures of minimal-changes, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, diffuse mesangial sclerosis or collapsing glomerulopathy. Despite improvement in classifying podocytopathies as a distinct group of disorders, the histological definition fails to capture the relevant biological heterogeneity underlying each case, manifesting as extensive variability in disease progression and response to therapies. Increasin

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… Starting from the observation that a putative circulating factor could bind to the podocytes glycocalyx, galactose was tested in nephrotic patients because of its potential competitive binding action [ 78 ]. … Efficacy of galactose and adalimumab in patients with resistant focal segmental glomerulosclerosis: report of the font clinical trial group . BMC Nephrol 2015 ; 16 : 111 26198842 10.1186/s12882-015-0094-5 PMC4511259 79. Daehn IS , Duffield JS . …

Contemporary Monoclonal Antibody Utilization in Glomerular Diseases.

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been one of the fastest growing drug classes in the past 2 decades and are indicated in the treatment of cancer, autoimmune disorders, solid organ transplantation, and glomerular diseases. The Food and Drug Administration has approved 100 MAbs between 1986 and 2021, and MAbs account for 20% of Food and Drug Administration's new drug approval every year. MAbs are preferred over traditional immunosuppressive agents because of their high specificity, reduced number of drug-drug interactions, and low toxicity, which make them a prime example of persona

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… The efficacy of RTX was assessed in an open-label trial in 34 patients with IgA nephropathy. 42 At 12-months, no difference was found between RTX vs no RTX groups regarding reduction proteinuria, renal function preservation, and in serum levels of galactose-deficient-IgA 1 or IgG autoantibodies against … galactose-deficient-IgA 1. …

Уникальные диагностические и терапевтические функции порфиринов и фтальокянинов в области фотодинамической терапии, визуализации и термостимы.

Порфиринические молекулы играют уникальную тераностическую роль в лечении болезней; они используются для отображения, обнаружения и лечения различных форм заболевших тканей, в том числе в связи с возрастной маркулярной дегенерацией и рядом различных видов рака. В настоящее время основное внимание уделяется клинической съемке опухолей; целенаправленной доставке фотосенитеров и потенциалу фотоэнцедентов в мультимодальных биомедицинских наноплатформах. В настоящем Обзоре подчеркиваются роли порфириновых молекул в области съемки и пдта, а также исследования по совершенствованию их селективного пог

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… Results further demonstrated preferential uptake and an enhanced pdt effect for the glucose analogue (P-Glu 4 ) in comparison to the galactose derivative (P-Gal 4 ) 125 . … Alvarez-Mico and colleagues have reported the synthesis of an anomeric glycoconjugate of PCs, while Lee et al . describe the synthesis and in vitro photodynamic activity of a silicon PC appended with galactose 154 , 155 . …

A Systematic Review Evaluating the Impact of Fibre Supplementation on Gut Health and Other Clinical Outcomes in Adults with Haematological Malignancies During Haematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation.

Background: Gut health is often disrupted in adults with haematological malignancies (HMs) receiving chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). Microbial diversity is reduced, and both infection risk and inflammation increased. The role of dietary fibre in enhancing gut health, immune regulation, reducing complications, and improving clinical outcomes for people with HMs shows promise but the extent of their role remains unclear. Objectives: This systematic review evaluated the role of dietary fibre supplementation in adults with HMs undergoing HCT on gut health, immune f

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… They are classified by the degree of polymerisation, chain length, glycosidic links, and monosaccharide composition (glucose, fructose, galactose, or xylose) [ 29 ]. … Both differ in their monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkages, and degree of polymerisation, which may influence health effects [ 47 ]. cFOS is normally a longer polymer consisting of fructose (60–80%) and glucose [ 48 ], whereas lactosucrose is a trisaccharide of galactose, glucose (from lactose …

Pectin: A Bioactive Food Polysaccharide with Cancer Preventive Potential.

Pectin is an acidic heteropolysaccharide found in the cell walls and the primary and middle lamella of land plants. To be authorized as a food additive, industrial pectins must meet strict guidelines set forth by the Food and Agricultural Organization and must contain at least 65% polygalacturonic acid to achieve the E440 level. Fruit pectin derived from oranges or apples is commonly used in the food industry to gel or thicken foods and to stabilize acid-based milk beverages. It is a naturally occurring component and can be ingested by dietary consumption of fruit and vegetables. Preventing lo

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… Moreover, MCP reduced the number of active metastases [ 23 ], perhaps reflecting its small size and galactose-rich side chains, enabling it to adhere to tumor cell surface galectins, preventing them from attaching to host cell surfaces. 3.3. … galectin-3 | [ 57 ] Apple extract | Apple extracts (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.05% and 0.1%) | In vitro (HT29, HT115, and CaCo-2 cell lines) | Protection against DNA damage, inhibit invasion | [ 27 ] Sweet potato pectin (SPP) | 0.0025 g/mL of SPP | In vitro (HT-29 cells) | ↑ Galacturonic acid (GalA), arabinose and galactose …

Enhanced sialylation of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells contributes to immune remodeling through macrophage polarization in multiple myeloma patients.

INTRODUCTION: In multiple myeloma (MM), the immune system is disrupted, partly due to tumor-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs). These MSCs show altered glycosylation, including increased sialylation, which may promote immune evasion through Siglec interactions. METHODS: We quantified sialic acids and Siglec ligands on healthy donors-, MM-, T-MM-(treated multiple myeloma) and MGUS (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance)-MSCs, and examined how different culture conditions (myeloma coculture, conditioned medium, hypoxia, inflammation, 3D culture) affect MSC gly

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… This plate includes 84 key genes encoding glycan processing enzymes such as glycosyltransferases and glycosidases involved in the metabolism of major sugars: galactose, glucose, mannose, N-acetylgalactosamine, N-acetylglucosamine, fucose and sialic acid. … Functionally, ST6Gal1 catalyzes the addition of sialic acid in an α2,6-glycosidic linkage to the terminal galactose of N-glycoproteins, modulating a wide range of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. …

Targeting Tumor Glycans for Cancer Therapy: Successes, Limitations, and Perspectives.

Aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer and can lead to changes that influence tumor behavior. Glycans can serve as a source of novel clinical biomarker developments, providing a set of specific targets for therapeutic intervention. Different mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation lead to the formation of tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) suitable for selective cancer-targeting therapy. The best characterized TACAs are truncated O-glycans (Tn, TF, and sialyl-Tn antigens), gangliosides (GD2, GD3, GM2, GM3, fucosyl-GM1), globo-serie glycans (Globo-H, SSEA-3, SSEA-4), Lewis anti

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… For example, Tn is recognized by the tolerogenic lectin—macrophage galactose C-type lectin (MGL)—expressed by dendritic cells and macrophages, which allows these cells to suppress T cell immunity [ 195 ] and promote angiogenesis [ 196 ], thus playing a role in cancer progression. … Glioblastomas exploit truncated O-linked glycans for local and distant immune modulation via the macrophage galactose-type lectin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2020;117:3693–3703. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1907921117. 12. Fuster M.M., Esko J.D. …

Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Common Retinal Disease.

Diseases of the retina are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries and, due to an ageing population, their prevalence is continually rising. The lack of effective therapies and the limitations of those currently in use highlight the importance of continued research into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in driving vascular dysfunction in retinal disease and has therefore become a key therapeutic target. Recent evidence also points to a potentially similarly important role of galectins, a family of β-g

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… Nevertheless, galactose-binding is central to galectin biology, in particular that linked to extracellular receptor activation. … Indeed, CRDs bind galactose with low affinity and N-acetyl lactosamine (Galβ1, 3GlcNAc or Galβ1, 4GlcNAc), a common disaccharide present on many N- or O-linked glycans, with micromolar affinity ( Elola et al., 2005 ). …