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Exposure and inequality for select urban air pollutants in the Tampa Bay area.

Air pollution exposure has been linked to numerous adverse health effects, with some disadvantaged subgroups disproportionately burdened. The objective of this work was to characterize distributions of emissions and concentrations of a few important urban air toxics at high spatiotemporal resolution in order to assess exposure and inequality. Benzene, 1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde were the focus pollutants, with oxides of nitrogen (NOx) estimated for comparisons. Primary pollutant emissions were estimated for the full spectrum of source types in the Tampa area using a hybrid ap…

Волосатый Ribozime Genes Curtle Aлкоголь: от рационального дизайна до воздействия в vivo в Крысе.

Гены Рибозима были разработаны таким образом, чтобы уменьшить добровольное употребление алкоголя в крысиной модели алкогольной зависимости. Ацеталдегид, образующийся из алкоголя в печени, метаболизируется митохондриальным альдегидом дегидрогеназы (ALDH2) таким образом, что уменьшение активности ALDH2 приводит к обратному воздействию ацеталдегида крови на потребление алкоголя. Был применен поэтапный подход к проектированию генов, кодирующих рипозимы, предназначенные для крыс ALDH2 mRNA. В ходе исследований in vitro, посвященных доступности олигонуклеотидов, были выявлены подходящие целевые объе

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Ribozyme genes were designed to reduce voluntary alcohol drinking in a rat model of alcohol dependence. Acetaldehyde generated from alcohol in the liver is metabolized by the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) such that diminishing ALDH2 activity leads to the aversive effects of blood acetaldehyde upon alcohol intake. A stepwise approach was follow…

Air pollution and increased levels of fractional exhaled nitric oxide in children with no history of airway damage.

Air pollution is associated with a wide range of adverse respiratory events. In order to study the mechanism associated with these effects, the relationships between fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), a potential marker of airway inflammation, and exposure to air pollution were examined in schoolchildren. FeNO was measured in 104 children (34 asthmatics and 70 non-asthmatics) drawn from the general population simultaneously with air pollution assessments (fine particles with an aerodiameter under 2.5 microm, nitrogen dioxide, acetaldehyde, and formaldehyde, with pumps and passive samplers…

Multispectroscopic and molecular simulation insights into the interaction between casein and key aroma compounds in yogurt.

The molecular mechanisms governing interactions between casein (CS) and key yogurt aromas remain insufficiently elucidated. This study systematically investigated the interactions of CS with acetoin, diacetyl, and acetaldehyde through multispectroscopic techniques and integrated molecular simulations. Fluorescence quenching analysis confirmed the formation of stable ground-state complexes via static quenching (Kq ≈ 1011 L·mol-1·s-1), with binding affinities following the order: acetoin > diacetyl > acetaldehyde (Ka ranging from 1.12 × 103 to 2.82 × 103 L·mol-1 at 298-310 K). Thermodynamic eval…

Sustained glycolytic oscillations--no need for cyanide.

Using fluorescence spectroscopy we detected long trains of macroscopic oscillations in the glycolytic pathway, in whole cell suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, without addition of cyanide. Such oscillations may be induced if argon or another inert gas is bubbled through the yeast cell suspension. This supports that the synchronizing agent is a volatile compound secreted by the yeast cells, e.g. CO2 and/or acetaldehyde. Our results show that the rate of acetaldehyde removal is not a crucial parameter to the synchronization of the yeast cells. The sample cell was connected to a membrane in…

Physiological and Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Effect of ABA on Promoting Persimmon Fruit Postharvest Deastringency.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb.) fruit can accumulate proanthocyanidins (tannins) during development, which causes astringency and affects consumption. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been reported to play a key role in fruit ripening and softening. However, the effect of ABA on postharvest persimmon fruit deastringency remains unclear. In this study, we found that 300 mg/L ABA treatment could decrease the content of soluble tannins, thus leading removal of persimmon fruit astringency. The contents of acetaldehyde and ethanol did not increase during the storage time, indicating that ABA t…

Ethanol stimulates epithelial sodium channels by elevating reactive oxygen species.

Alcohol affects total body sodium balance, but the molecular mechanism of its effect remains unclear. We used single-channel methods to examine how ethanol affects epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) in A6 distal nephron cells. The data showed that ethanol significantly increased both ENaC open probability (P(o)) and the number of active ENaC in patches (N). 1-Propanol and 1-butanol also increased ENaC activity, but iso-alcohols did not. The effects of ethanol were mimicked by acetaldehyde, the first metabolic product of ethanol, but not by acetone, the metabolic product of 2-propanol. Besides i…

Summertime carbonyl compounds in an urban area in the North China Plain: Identification of sources, key precursors and their contribution to O3 formation.

Carbonyl compounds are critical components of volatile organic compounds, which significantly participate in the photochemical formation of atmospheric ozone and thus threaten human health. Here we measured 15 C1-C8 carbonyl compounds at an urban site in Linyi, a typically industrialised city in the North China Plain (NCP). Formaldehyde (3.89 ppbv), acetaldehyde (1.66 ppbv) and acetone (2.03 ppbv) were found to be the top three carbonyl compounds, accounting for 76.11% of the total concentration of carbonyl compounds. Anthropogenic secondary formation was recognised as the main source of the t…

Alcohol and the liver: 1994 update.

This article reviews current concepts on the pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic liver disease. It has been known that the hepatotoxicity of ethanol results from alcohol dehydrogenase-mediated excessive generation of hepatic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, reduced form, and acetaldehyde. It is now recognized that acetaldehyde is also produced by an accessory (but inducible) microsomal pathway that additionally generates oxygen radicals and activates many xenobiotics to toxic metabolites, thereby explaining the increased vulnerability of heavy drinkers to industrial solvents, anesthetics…

Nutraceutical strategies for ameliorating the toxic effects of alcohol.

Rodent studies reveal that oxidative stress, much of it generated via induction/activation of NADPH oxidase, is a key mediator of a number of the pathogenic effects of chronic ethanol overconsumption. The highly reactive ethanol metabolite acetaldehyde is a key driver of this oxidative stress, and doubtless works in other ways to promote alcohol-induced pathology. Effective antioxidant measure may therefore be useful for mitigating the adverse health consequences of alcohol consumption; spirulina may have particular utility in this regard, as its chief phycochemical phycocyanobilin has recentl…

Emissions of aldehydes and ketones from a two-stroke engine using ethanol and ethanol-blended gasoline as fuel.

Besides aliphatic gasoline, ethanol-blended gasoline intended for use in small utility engines was recently introduced on the Swedish market … mbda, on exhaust emissions was investigated, both for aliphatic and regular gasoline. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and aromatic aldehydes were the most abundant carbonyls in the exhaust. Acetaldehyde dominated for all ethanol-blended fuels (1.2-12 g/kWh, depending on the fuel and lambda), and formaldehyde dominated for gasoline (0.74-2.3 g/kWh, depending on the …

Disulfiram-cotrimoxazole reaction.

The disulfiram-ethanol reaction is a well-known clinical phenomenon occurring as a result of acetaldehyde accumulation in the blood. Symptoms usually begin within 5-15 minutes after ingestion of ethanol in patients who have taken disulfiram 3-123 hours earlier, and generally occur in the following order: flushing, sweating, palpitations, dyspnea, hyperventilation, increased pulse rate, fall in blood pressure, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness. Patients need not experience all these symptoms, and recovery is generally complete. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (cotrimoxazole) is a commonly prescrib…

Ethanol, the liver, and the gastrointestinal tract.

Ethanol is easily absorbed from the intestine and diffuses quickly throughout body water. The bulk of ethanol is metabolized in the liver, where alcohol dehydrogenase, a complex mixture of isoenzymes, oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde. Ethanol abuse produces functional and structural changes in the gastrointestinal tract, such as in the stomach, small intestine, liver, and pancreas. Accumulating evidence suggests direct toxicity of ethanol and possibly of acetaldehyde. Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic gastritis, deranged structure and function of the small in…

Alcohol metabolism and psychomotor function after consuming different alcoholic beverages: baijiu, beer and wine.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to characterize the pharmacokinetics of blood alcohol and acetaldehyde, quantify acute psychomotor impairment, and evaluate the influence of beverage type under standardized alcohol dosing in healthy Han Chinese adults. METHODS: Eleven participants with the ALDH2*1/*1 genotype consumed baijiu, beer, and red wine on separate occasions at a standardized alcohol dose of 0.8 g/kg. Blood alcohol concentrations and blood acetaldehyde concentrations were measured for 8 h. Psychomotor function was evaluated with four validated tasks, and mood states were assessed with the …

Formaldehyde, acrolein and other carbonyls in dwellings of university students. Levels and source characterization.

Fifteen carbonyl compounds were investigated in the living rooms and bedrooms of 25 university student flats in the urban area of Ciudad Real (Central Southern Spain) in wintertime. Carbonyls were sampled using Radiello ® passive samplers refilled in the laboratory according to the method described in ISO 16000-3 Standard. The most abundant carbonyls in the living rooms and bedrooms were formaldehyde, acetone, acetaldehyde, hexaldehyde and butyraldehyde. The median concentration levels in the living rooms and bedrooms were: 28.6 and 34.2 μg m-3 for formaldehyde, 18.3 and 23.1 μg m-3 for aceton…

Development of a standardized new cigarette smoke generating (SNCSG) system for the assessment of chemicals in the smoke of new cigarette types (heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco and electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs)).

To systematically regulate new types of cigarettes for which their safety has yet to be verified, such as heat-not-burn (HNB) products and e … oped system was also carried out through analysis of the carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in the new cigarette smoke of HNB products and E-Cigs generated by the SNCSG system under different heating temperatures. The analytical results were used to validate the SNCSG system by comparison with those of previous studies. In all new cigaret …

A Study on the Formation of Flavor Substances by Bacterial Diversity in the Fermentation Process of Canned Bamboo Shoots in Clear Water.

Canned bamboo shoots in clear water could produce a unique flavor through bacterial diversity via the fermentation process. Weissella, Streptococcus, Leuconostoc, Acinetobacter, Lactococcus and Lactobacillus were the main microorganisms. Tyrosine was the most abundant free amino acid (FAA), which had a negative correlation with Lactococcus. Ten kinds of flavor substances, such as 3-methyl-1-butanol, acetic acid, 2-phenylethyl ester, benzene acetaldehyde, benzoic acid and ethyl ester, were important influential factors in the flavor of fermented bamboo shoots. Through the verification test of t…

Alteration of Fermentative Metabolism Enhances Mucor circinelloides Virulence.

The fungus Mucor circinelloides undergoes yeast-mold dimorphism, a developmental process associated with its capability as a human opportuni … oxic effect on nematodes compared to that from R7B and M5/pEUKA-adh1+ strains. The concentration of acetaldehyde excreted by strain M5 in the SS was higher than that from R7B, which correlated with the acute toxic effect on nematodes. Remarkably, strain M5 showed higher resistance to H2O2, resistance to phagocytosis, and invasiveness in mouse tissues and induc …

Carcinogenic compounds in alcoholic beverages: an update.

The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) since 1988. More recently, in 2010, ethanol as the major constituent of alcoholic beverages and its metabolite acetaldehyde were also classified as carcinogenic to humans. Alcoholic beverages as multi-component mixtures may additionally contain further known or suspected human carcinogens as constituent or contaminant. This review will discuss the occurrence and toxicology of eighteen carcinogenic compounds (acetaldehyde, acrylamide, aflatoxins, arsenic…

Recent Advances From Basic and Clinical Studies of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most aggressive squamous cell carcinomas and is highly prevalent in Asia. Alcohol and its metabolite, acetaldehyde, are considered definite carcinogens for the esophagus. Polymorphisms in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene, which encodes an enzyme that eliminates acetaldehyde, have been associated with esophageal carcinogenesis. Studies of the mutagenic and carcinogenic effects of acetaldehyde support this observation. Several recent large-scale comprehensive analyses of the genomic alterations in ESCC have shown a high frequency of mutati…