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Liver Disease Associated with Non-Hepatitis Viruses

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… Hanta-Viruses Risk factors and epidemiology Hanta viruses are examples of emerging viruses, which belong to the genus Hantavirus within the Bunyaviridae family. They are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, primarily harbored in rodents and shed in rodent urine, saliva and feces. … Fig. 3 Influenza Viruses Risk factors and epidemiology Influenza viruses represent three genera in the Orthomyxoviridae family. Generally influenza A viruses is associated with more severe disease in humans than influenza viruses B and C. …

Universal influenza vaccines: from viruses to nanoparticles.

INTRODUCTION: The current seasonal influenza vaccine confers only limited protection due to waning antibodies or the antigenic shift and drift of major influenza surface antigens. A universal influenza vaccine which induces broad cross-protection against divergent influenza viruses with a comparable or better efficacy to seasonal influenza vaccines against matched strains will negate the need for an annual update of vaccine strains and protect against possible influenza pandemics. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we summarize the recent progress in nanoparticle-based universal influenza vaccine…

How viruses infiltrate the central nervous system.

Central nervous system is protected by the blood-brain barrier, which represents a physical, metabolic and transport barrier and is considered to be a part of a highly dynamic system termed neurovascular unit. Several pathogens, among them viruses, are able to invade the brain. Traversal of viruses across the blood-brain barrier is an essential step for the invasion of the central nervous system and can occur by different mechanisms - by paracellular, transcellular and/or by "Trojan horse" pathway. Penetration of viruses to brain can lead to the blood-brain barrier dysfunction, including incre…

Retargeting Strategies for Oncolytic Herpes Simplex Viruses.

Most of the oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (HSVs) exhibit a high safety profile achieved through attenuation. They carry defects in virulence proteins that antagonize host cell response to the virus, including innate response, apoptosis, authophagy, and depend on tumor cell proliferation. They grow robustly in cancer cells, provided that these are deficient in host cell responses, which is often the case. To overcome the attenuation limits, a strategy is to render the virus highly cancer-specific, e.g., by retargeting their tropism to cancer-specific receptors, and detargeting from natural r…

Viruses Causing Hemorrhagic Fever. Safety Laboratory Procedures.

Viral hemorrhagic fevers are diseases caused by viruses which belong to different families, many of them causing severe diseases. These viruses may produce different symptomatology together with a severe multisystem syndrome, and the final result might be the production of hemorrhages in several sites of the body. The majority of them have no other treatment than supportive therapy, although some antiviral drugs can be used in some circumstances. Transmission of VHF has been demonstrated through contact with animal vectors or person-to-person through the contact with body fluids. No risk of tr…

How viruses hijack the ERAD tuning machinery.

An essential step during the intracellular life cycle of many positive-strand RNA viruses is the rearrangement of host cell membranes to generate membrane-bound replication platforms. For example, Nidovirales and Flaviviridae subvert the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for their replication. However, the absence of conventional ER and secretory pathway markers in virus-induced ER-derived membranes has for a long time hampered a thorough understanding of their biogenesis. Recent reports highlight the analogies between mouse hepatitis virus-, equine arteritis virus-, and Japanese ence…

New pathogenic viruses and novel antiviral drugs.

The journal Antiviral Research was conceived and born in 1980, and launched in 1981, a time when very few antiviral drugs were around. This 30-year celebration meeting was convened by the publisher Elsevier and chaired by Eric de Clercq (Leuven University), who has acted as editor-in-chief for the journal for the last 30 years. Approximately 220 participants representing 36 countries attended the congress, which covered topics such as emerging viruses, virus-host interactions, new antiviral drugs and antiviral resistance.

Childhood encephalopathy: viruses, immune response, and outcome.

This study examined children with an acute encephalopathy illness for evidence of viral infection, disordered blood-brain barrier function, intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis, and interferon (IFN) production, and related their temporal occurrence to outcome. A prospective study of 22 children (13 males, 9 females; age range 1mo to 13y, median 2y 4mo), recorded clinical details, with serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis near presentation and then on convalescent specimens taken up to day 39 of the neurological illness. Outcome was assessed with standard scales between 18 months and 3

The human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia viruses.

The primate T-cell lymphoma/leukemia viruses belong to an oncogenic genus of complex retroviruses. Members of this genus have been shown to be pathogenic in man. The human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV) type I has been linked in the etiology of T-cell malignancies and "autoimmune-like" neurologic and rheumatic disorders; a related virus, HTLV-II, is becoming increasingly associated with similar disorders. Cell transformation is thought to be caused predominantly by the effects of the viral regulatory protein, Tax. An additional induced host cell molecule, adult T-cell lymphoma-derived f…

[Skin manifestations related to hepatitis C viruses].

The hepatitis C virus causes both hepatic and extrahepatic disorders, particularly as regards dermatology. The link between essential mixed cryoglobulinemias and the C virus infection has been clearly evidenced., whereas its frequency seems low in other systemic vasculitis such as polyarteritis nodosa. Similarly, the link between C virus hepatopathy and porphyria cutanea tarda is now proven. Lichen planus is also described as being associated with this virus, but further epidemiological studies are required to determine the exact prevalence of lichen in C virus hepatopathy cases. Finally, vari

Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses.

Simple methods are presented to estimate rates of spontaneous mutation from mutant frequencies and population parameters in RNA viruses. Published mutant frequencies yield a wide range of mutation rates per genome per replication, mainly because mutational targets have usually been small and, thus, poor samples of the mutability of the average base. Nevertheless, there is a clear central tendency for lytic RNA viruses (bacteriophage Q beta, poliomyelitis, vesicular stomatitis, and influenza A) to display rates of spontaneous mutation of approximately 1 per genome per replication. This rate is …

[Non-poliomyelitis viruses in Poland 1982-1987].

Diseases caused by non-polio enteroviruses (ENP) are diagnosed virologically and serologically in 17 Virology Laboratories of the Province Sanitary-Epidemiological Stations and the Department of Virology, State Institute of Hygiene. The results of these investigations are available in the form of documentation including the type of the isolated virus, the result of serological investigation, the date of disease onset, the clinical diagnosis, the age and sex of the patient. These data were analyzed in this work. Overall, the aetiological role of ENP was established in 5258 cases. The isolated s…

Summary of taxonomy changes ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) from the Archaeal Viruses Subcommittee, 2025.

The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) holds a ratification vote annually following the review of newly proposed taxa by ICTV Study Groups and members of the virology community. This article reports changes to the taxonomy of viruses infecting archaea that were approved and ratified by the ICTV in March 2025. Six new families of head-tailed viruses expanded the order Caudoviricetes (realm Duplodnaviria); one new family of filamentous viruses was added to the order Ligamenvirales (realm Adnaviria); one new family of viruses with pleomorphic virions was included within a new p…

Novel Vaccines and Drugs That Target the Surface Glycoproteins of Influenza Viruses, RSV, Parainfluenza Viruses, and SARS-CoV-2.

Newly emerging and seasonal respiratory viruses have a great impact on public health[...]

Differences in neutralization susceptibility between clade C HIV viruses from breastmilk versus contemporaneous circulating viruses from sexually acquired infections.

HIV viruses that establish infection possess phenotypic and genotypic characteristics that have been selected for and that differ across transmission routes, including their susceptibility to broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs). While sexually transmitted viruses have been well characterized, studies of vertically transmitted viruses are sparse and from cohorts that are often small in size and more than a decade old. To investigate whether viruses transmitted vertically during lactation possess distinct neutralization profiles compared to viruses transmitted sexually, we compared the neutr…