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[Triggering of paroxysmal auricular fibrillation. Study using continuous electrocardiographic recording (Holter system)].

Recent studies of the mode of initiation of atrial fibrillation (AF) have emphasises the role of the autonomic nervous system, vagal and sympathetic, in the development of this arrhythmia. Continuous 24 hour electrocardiographic recording (Holter monitoring) is a good method of studying arrhythmias. The role of vagal or sympathetic stimulation was evaluated by retrospective analysis of 3 000 Holter recordings performed in our department. Three groups of patients were identified: Group I, patients with bradycardia at the time of onset of AF (sinus rhythm less than 60/min); Group II, patients wi

Epidural fentanyl counteracts sympathetic gastric inhibition.

Postoperative paralytic ileus is in part mediated by the sympathetic gastrointestino-gastrointestinal (GI-GI) reflex. The modulation of this reflex by epidural fentanyl (50 micrograms) was studied in chloralose-anesthetized, ventilated cats. The vagi were cut in the neck but could be efferently stimulated. Gastric volume, arterial pressure and heart rate were followed and the GI-GI reflex was elicited by intestinal distension, mesenteric afferent nerve stimulation or heating or capsaicin administered intra-arterially to an intestinal loop. Epidural fentanyl enhanced the gastric contraction res

Inhibition and excitation of thoracic spinoreticular neurons by electrical stimulation of vagal afferent nerves.

Neurons in spinal segments T1-T3 of cats projecting to the region of the nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis were tested for their responses to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. The effects of vagal efferent activity were blocked with methylatropine, thereby limiting vagal input to the effects of afferent fibers. Seventeen spinoreticular (SR) neurons were inhibited by vagal stimulation; one was excited; four were both inhibited and excited, and nine were unaffected. Half of the SR neurons were not spontaneously active; they were excited by somatic stimuli for 20- to 30-s periods in

The role and mechanisms of methylation modifications in the development and progression of hypertension.

Hypertension is a globally prevalent cardiovascular disorder with a multifactorial etiology involving genetic variations, environmental cues, aging and their complex interactions. Despite extensive research, the precise molecular mechanisms by which these factors drive hypertension remain incompletely elucidated. Traditional research has focused on classic pathological pathways, including renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) activation, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) overactivation, but emerging epigenetic evidence i…

Obesity-related hypertension and chronic kidney disease: from evaluation to management.

With the recent obesity pandemic, obesity-related hypertension and its complications (e.g., heart failure, coronary disease, and chronic kidney disease [CKD]) are gaining attention in clinical and research fields. Obesity-related hypertension frequently precedes the onset of CKD and aggravates its progression. In this review, we discuss the role of visceral fat in the pathophysiology of obesity-related hypertension and the potential therapeutic strategies for its prevention and management. Various factors, including the sympathetic nervous system, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, and infl…

The Effects of SGLT2 Inhibitors on Liver Cirrhosis Patients with Refractory Ascites: A Literature Review.

Decompensated liver cirrhosis is often complicated by refractory ascites, and intractable ascites are a predictor of poor prognosis in patie … lism and nutritional status, hepatoprotection by ketone bodies and adiponectin, amelioration of the sympathetic nervous system, and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, may also contribute to the reduction of ascites. This literature review describes previously reported cases in which SGLT2 inhibitors were used to effectively treat ascites caused by liver …

What substance P might tell us about the prognosis and mechanism of Parkinson's disease?

The neuropeptide substance P (SP) plays an important role in neurodegenerative disorders, among which Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present work we have reviewed the involvement of SP and its preferred receptor (NK1-R) in motor and non-motor PD symptoms, in both PD animal models and patients. Despite PD is primarily a motor disorder, non-motor abnormalities, including olfactory deficits and gastrointestinal dysfunctions, can represent diagnostic PD predictors, according to the hypothesis that the olfactory and the enteric nervous system represent starting points of neurodegeneration, ascend

The Effect of Physical Exercise on the Retina and Choroid.

There is only limited information available on the effects of physical exercise on the posterior pole. Retinal circulation is autoregulated similarly to the brain vasculature in order to provide constant flow and thus constant nutrition of the inner retinal structures while the choroid is mostly controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. The available data show that physical exercise may indeed have a positive effect on the retina and visual function. The assessment of retinal structure could serve as a marker in sports medicine, whereas physical activity could exert a positive protective e…

Obstructive sleep apnoea, intermittent hypoxia and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction.

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is recognised to be a potent risk factor for hypertension, coronary heart disease, strokes and heart failure with a reduced ejection fraction. However, the association between OSA and heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is less well recognised. Both conditions are very common globally.It appears that there are many similarities between the pathological effects of OSA and other known aetiologies of HFpEF and its postulated pathophysiology. Intermittent hypoxia induced by OSA leads to widespread stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, re…

A GABAergic neural circuit in the ventromedial hypothalamus mediates chronic stress-induced bone loss.

Homeostasis of bone metabolism is regulated by the central nervous system, and mood disorders such as anxiety are associated with bone metabolism abnormalities, yet our understanding of the central neural circuits regulating bone metabolism is limited. Here, we demonstrate that chronic stress in crewmembers resulted in decreased bone density and elevated anxiety in an isolated habitat mimicking a space station. We then used a mouse model to demonstrate that GABAergic neural circuitry in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) mediates chronic stress-induced bone loss. We show that GABAergic inputs

Role of the kidneys in resistant hypertension.

Resistant hypertension is a failure to achieve goal BP (<140/90 mm Hg for the overall population and <130/80 mm Hg for those with diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease) in a patient who adheres to maximum tolerated doses of 3 antihypertensive drugs including a diuretic. The kidneys play a critical role in long-term regulation of blood pressure. Blunted pressure natriuresis, with resultant increase in extracellular fluid volume, is an important cause of resistant hypertension. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, increased renal sympathetic nervous system activity and i…

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism: therapeutic potential in acute heart failure syndromes.

Acute heart failure syndromes (AHFS) are a heterogeneous group of commonly encountered and difficult to manage clinical syndromes associated with high morbidity and mortality. Dyspnoea, pulmonary, and systemic congestion often characterize AHFS due to acutely elevated intracardiac filling pressures and fluid overload. Diuresis, respiratory support, vasodilator therapy, and gradual attenuation of the activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS) are the keystones of AHFS management. Despite available therapies, post-discharge mortality and re-hos…

Insight into stress-induced cardiomyopathy and sudden cardiac death due to stress. A forensic cardio-pathologist point of view.

Emotional, physiological and physical stress is associated with increased rates of cerebrovascular events and sudden deaths. The pathophysio … ode components of catecholamine biosynthesis, storage, and metabolic pathway. Given the role of the sympathetic nervous system in responses to acute stress, it is reasonable to explore whether genetically determined alterations in catecholamine system functions contribute to acute and chronic cardiovascular disorders such as stress-induced cardiomyopathy.

Endorphin-parasympathetic interactions in spinal shock.

We have recently shown that the opiate antagonist naloxone can partially reverse the hypotension which accompanies spinal cord transection, through actions on opiate receptors in the central nervous system. In the present studies we demonstrate that either vagotomy or atropine prevents the ability of naloxone to reduce the hypotension caused by spinal transection in the rat and cat. Since the peripherally acting methyl-atropine blocks the cardiovascular effects of centrally administered naloxone in this model, these findings imply an interaction between endorphin systems and central parasympat

The role of the choroidal nervous system in central serous chorioretinopathy and associated diseases.

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) and associated diseases, are linked to abnormal remodeling of the choroidal vasculature, venous congestion and impaired regulation of choroidal blood flow. Although anatomical, genetic and hormonal factors have been identified, a unifying pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. In this review, we propose that peripheral choroidal nervous system dysfunction may represent a central driver of this choroidal phenotype. First, we provide an updated overview of the organization and functions of the autonomous nervous system, its interaction with the hypo

Recent advances in potential mechanisms of epidural spinal cord stimulation for movement disorders.

BACKGROUND: Epidural spinal cord stimulation (eSCS) has emerged as a promising neuromodulation technique for treating movement disorders. Th … rmation, and neurotrophic factor expression while reducing neuroinflammation. Its regulation of the sympathetic nervous system further enhances recovery by improving blood flow, muscle tone, and other physiological parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Epidural spinal cord stimulation shows promise in enhancing motor function and promoting neuroplasticity, but further research is neede …

Модуляция печени липидных метаболических путей при стрессе центральной нервной системы ER.

Метаболическая дисфункция, связанная со стивотической болезнью печени (МАСЛД), рассматриваемой в качестве печени метаболического синдрома, может повысить риск кардиометаболических заболеваний. По имеющимся сообщениям, центральная нервная система в патогенезе MASLD, особенно эндоплазмический ретикулум (ER) стресс в субфорническом органе (SFO) на гипоталамическое паравентурное ядро (PVN), проецирующее нейроны (SFO PVN). Здесь мы изучили, как стресс ER в этой нервной цепи влияет на печёночные липиды, которые могут способствовать развитию MASLD во время ожирения. Гепатический стейтоз был вызван ко

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), considered as the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome, can increas … pathways. These results indicate that ER stress in SFO→PVN neurons may contribute to MASLD through sympathetic nervous system influences, primarily on hepatic lipid acquisition.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Endoplasmic reticulum stress in SFO→PVN neurons modulates hepatic lipid acquisition and disposal pathways during obesity-induced hepatic steatosis. Hepatic tyrosine hydroxylase leve …

Chemogenetic engagement of different GPCR signaling pathways segregates the orexigenic activity from the control of whole-body glucose metabolism by AGRP neurons.

OBJECTIVE: The control of energy balance involves neural circuits in the central nervous system, including AGRP neurons in the arcuate nucle … amic arcuate nucleus during the postprandial state enhanced whole-body glucose disposal by reducing sympathetic nervous system activity to the pancreas and liver, promoting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, glycogen deposition and improving glucose tolerance. CONCLUSIONS: These data indicate that AGRP neurons regulate food intake and glucose homeostasis through distinc …