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Molecular imaging in oncology: Common PET/CT radiopharmaceuticals and applications.

PET/CT is a commonly used modality in cancer imaging, as it can help in diagnosis, staging and assessment of treatment response in many cancer types. A better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and identification of multiple selective targets are promoting further investigation into different radiotracers for diagnosis and therapy. In the past few decades many radiopharmaceuticals have emerged for specific oncologic indications providing superior detection rate than some morphologic modalities. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the most current radiopharmaceuticals

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… Ten malignant lesions not seen on 18 F-FDG were visualized on 68 Ga-FAPI-04 (gastric cancer, lung adenocarcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, hepatocellular cancer, cervical cancer, and diffuse astrocytoma). …

Prediction of cancer drugs by chemical-chemical interactions.

Cancer, which is a leading cause of death worldwide, places a big burden on health-care system. In this study, an order-prediction model was built to predict a series of cancer drug indications based on chemical-chemical interactions. According to the confidence scores of their interactions, the order from the most likely cancer to the least one was obtained for each query drug. The 1(st) order prediction accuracy of the training dataset was 55.93%, evaluated by Jackknife test, while it was 55.56% and 59.09% on a validation test dataset and an independent test dataset, respectively. The propos

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… Temozolomide-Cancers of haematopoietic and lymphoid tissues Temozolomide (D06067) is an oral alkylating agent used for the treatment of anaplastic astrocytoma and glioblastoma multiforme [53] . …

Anti-Cancer Potential of Cannabinoids, Terpenes, and Flavonoids Present in Cannabis.

In recent years, and even more since its legalization in several jurisdictions, cannabis and the endocannabinoid system have received an increasing amount of interest related to their potential exploitation in clinical settings. Cannabinoids have been suggested and shown to be effective in the treatment of various conditions. In cancer, the endocannabinoid system is altered in numerous types of tumours and can relate to cancer prognosis and disease outcome. Additionally, cannabinoids display anticancer effects in several models by suppressing the proliferation, migration and/or invasion of can

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… Carracedo and colleagues [ 47 ] showed that stress protein p8 up-regulation and endoplasmic reticulum stress were necessary for THC-induced apoptosis in glioma cells and cells from human astrocytoma biopsies. … One study found that in two patients with pilocytic astrocytomas, tumors regressed over a period of 3 years and neither patient was receiving any conventional adjuvant treatment; however, cannabis was consumed via inhalation over the same period, suggesting cannabis played a role in tumor regression. …

Involvement of the Opioid Peptide Family in Cancer Progression.

Peptides mediate cancer progression favoring the mitogenesis, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, promoting metastasis and anti-apoptotic mechanisms, and facilitating angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis. Tumor cells overexpress peptide receptors, crucial targets for developing specific treatments against cancer cells using peptide receptor antagonists and promoting apoptosis in tumor cells. Opioids exert an antitumoral effect, whereas others promote tumor growth and metastasis. This review updates the findings regarding the involvement of opioid peptides (enkephalins, endorphins, and dynorphins

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… Moreover, pro-enkephalin expression was favored by norepinephrine and downregulated by endothelin-1 in C6 rat glioma cells [ 137 , 138 ], and MET favored the growth of human U-373 MG astrocytoma cells [ 139 ]. 3.2.2. … Previous data open the door to a promising anti-glioma strategy using MET as an antitumor agent; however, this must be studied in-depth since MET also favored the growth of human U-373 MG astrocytoma cells [ 139 ]. …

Apoptotic Pathway as the Therapeutic Target for Anticancer Traditional Chinese Medicines.

Cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death and it plays a vital role in human development and tissue homeostasis. Mounting evidence indicates that apoptosis is closely related to the survival of cancer and it has emerged as a key target for the discovery and development of novel anticancer drugs. Various studies indicate that targeting the apoptotic signaling pathway by anticancer drugs is an important mechanism in cancer therapy. Therefore, numerous novel anticancer agents have been discovered and developed from traditional

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… Additional study also showed that ginsenoside metabolites compound K and Rh2 induced apoptosis by targeting p38/MAPK and apoptotic signaling pathways in human astrocytoma CRT-MG cells ( Choi and Choi, 2009 ). … Proapoptotic ginsenosides compound K and Rh2 enhance FAS-induced cell death of human astrocytoma cells through distinct apoptotic signaling pathways . Cancer Res. Treat. 41 , 36 – 44 . 10.4143/crt.2009.41.1.36 19688070 PMC2699093 Chu L. Zhao H. Fang J. Li C. Liu Z. Cui R. ( 2015 ). …

Ход работы 34th Симпозиум ESVN-ECVN 23rd-24th сентябрь 2022.

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… granulomatous meningoencephalitis, LGI1‐autoantibody mediated limbic encephalitis), infectious (feline infectious peritonitis, Ehrlichia encephalitis and vasculitis, and Cryptococcus meningoencephalitis ), vascular (cerebral hemorrhage and infarction), neoplastic (lymphoma, metastatic pulmonary adenocarcinoma, astrocytoma … Immunohistochemistry followed by cell population, qualitative and quantitative staining intensity evaluation was performed with EGFR, EphA2, PDGFRA and CD44 antibodies on a paraffin‐embedded tumor microarray containing 40 oligodendrogliomas, 29 meningiomas, 23 astrocytomas, 10 gliomatosis cerebri, 4 …

Rare Diseases of the Orbit.

This article provides an overview of rare orbital diseases. Congenital malformations, inflammatory diseases, benign and malignant neoplasias are described. Although it represents a relatively small area of the body the orbit contains multiple different tissues. Therefore, a great variety of diseases can be found within the orbital space. That is the reason, why both the completeness and the level of detail in the description of particular diseases must be somewhat limited. Nevertheless, clinical manifestations, important aspects of diagnosis, treatment strategies, and, when specific data are a

Invited Lectures : Overviews Purinergic signalling: past, present and future.

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… The P2Y 2 R is also capable of activating matrix metalloproteases including the adamalysins ADAM 10 and ADAM 17 that increase the degradation of amyloid precursor protein in astrocytoma cells to generate the non-amyloidogenic peptide s-APPα, suggesting that P2Y 2 R function may be neuroprotective in …

A Review of Approaches to Potentiate the Activity of Temozolomide against Glioblastoma to Overcome Resistance.

A glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most aggressive, infiltrative, and treatment-resistant malignancies of the central nervous system (CNS). The current standard of care for GBMs include maximally safe tumor resection, followed by concurrent adjuvant radiation treatment and chemotherapy with the DNA alkylating agent temozolomide (TMZ), which was approved by the FDA in 2005 based on a marginal increase (~2 months) in overall survival (OS) levels. This treatment approach, while initially successful in containing and treating GBM, almost invariably fails to prevent tumor recurrence. In addition to

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… Multicenter phase II trial of temozolomide in patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or anaplastic oligoastrocytoma at first relapse. J. Clin. Oncol. 1999;17:2762–2771. doi: 10.1200/JCO.1999.17.9.2762. Erratum in J. Clin. Oncol. 1999, 17, 3693. 11. Cohen M.H., Johnson J.R., Pazdur R. …

CAR-T Cells for the Treatment of Central Nervous System Tumours: Known and Emerging Neurotoxicities.

The advent of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells has recently changed the prognosis of relapsing/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, showing response rates as high as 60 to 80%. Common toxicities reported in the pivotal clinical trials include the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and the Immune effector Cell-Associated Neurotoxicity Syndrome (ICANS), a stereotyped encephalopathy related to myeloid cell activation and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, presenting with a distinctive cascade of dysgraphia, aphasia, disorientation, attention deficits, vigilance impairment, motor symptoms,

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… Phase I study targeting newly diagnosed grade 4 astrocytoma with bispecific antibody armed T cells (EGFR BATs) in combination with radiation and temozolomide J. Neurooncol. 2024 166 321 330 10.1007/s11060-024-04564-y 38263486 PMC10834565 49. Tang X. Zhao S. Zhang Y. Wang Y. Zhang Z. Yang M. Zhu Y. …

The Battlefield of Chemotherapy in Pediatric Cancers.

The survival rate for pediatric cancers has remarkably improved in recent years. Conventional chemotherapy plays a crucial role in treating pediatric cancers, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access to advanced treatments may be limited. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved chemotherapy drugs that can be used in children have expanded, but patients still face numerous side effects from the treatment. In addition, multidrug resistance (MDR) continues to pose a major challenge in improving the survival rates for a significant number of patients. This review focuses

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… Approval | Indications for Pediatric Cancer (Drugs approved post FDAMA with pediatric specific indications (1997–2022)) Azacitidine (Vidaza) | 19 May 2004 | 20 May 2022 | JMML Calaspargase Pegol-mknl (Asparlas) | same | 20 December 2018 | ALL Everolimus | 1 November 2010 | 29 August 2012 | Giant Cell Astrocytoma …

Recombinant Human Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (rhu GM-CSF) as Adjuvant Therapy for Invasive Fungal Diseases.

BackgroundSargramostim (yeast-derived, glycosylated recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [rhu GM-CSF]) augments innate and adaptive immune responses and accelerates hematopoietic recovery of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia. However, considerably less is known about its efficacy as adjunctive immunotherapy against invasive fungal diseases (IFDs).MethodsThe clinical courses of 15 patients with pediatric malignancies and IFDs treated adjunctively with sargramostim at a single institution were analyzed in a retrospective cohort review. Further, a systematic review of

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… Chamdine 2015 (Tennessee) [ 30 ] | 15 yo F | Astrocytoma | Cerebral fungal infection ( Rhizopus oryzae ) | No | No | Sargramostim 100 µg/m 2 /d x34 d c | Dexamethasone, micafungin, posaconazole | Abscess was effectively treated with posaconazole, micafungin, and sargramostim followed by posaconazole …

Astatine-211 based radionuclide therapy: Current clinical trial landscape.

Astatine-211 (211At) has physical properties that make it one of the top candidates for use as a radiation source for alpha particle-based radionuclide therapy, also referred to as targeted alpha therapy (TAT). Here, we summarize the main results of the completed clinical trials, further describe ongoing trials, and discuss future prospects.

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… Nineteen patients were enrolled, 18 of which (nine female) were treated for recurrent brain cancer (glioblastoma multiforme, n = 14; anaplastic oligodendroglioma, n = 3; anaplastic astrocytoma, n = 1). …

Activated Ras as a Therapeutic Target: Constraints on Directly Targeting Ras Isoforms and Wild-Type versus Mutated Proteins.

The ability to selectively and directly target activated Ras would provide immense utility for treatment of the numerous cancers that are driven by oncogenic Ras mutations. Patients with disorders driven by overactivated wild-type Ras proteins, such as type 1 neurofibromatosis, might also benefit from progress made in that context. Activated Ras is an extremely challenging direct drug target due to the inherent difficulties in disrupting the protein:protein interactions that underlie its activation and function. Major investments have been made to target Ras through indirect routes. Inhibition

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… Loss of neurofibromin is associated with activation of RAS/MAPK and PI3-K/AKT signaling in a neurofibromatosis 1 astrocytoma. Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 2000;59(9):759–767. doi: 10.1093/jnen/59.9.759. 146. Mattingly RR, Kraniak JM, Dilworth JT, et al. …

Dietary Polyphenols and Their Biological Significance

Dietary polyphenols represent a wide variety of compounds that occur in fruits, vegetables, wine, tea, extra virgin olive oil, chocolate and other cocoa products. They are mostly derivatives and/or isomers of flavones, isoflavones, flavonols, catechins and phenolic acids, and possess diverse biological properties such as antioxidant, antiapoptosis, anti-aging, anticarcinogen, anti-inflammation, anti-atherosclerosis, cardiovascular protection, improvement of the endothelial function, as well as inhibition of angiogenesis and cell proliferation activity. Most of these biological actions have bee

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… Epigallocatechin-3-gallate suppresses NF-kappaB activation and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK in human astrocytoma U373MG cells J. Nutr. Biochem 2007 in press 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.11.001 17446059 80 de Boer V.C. de Goffau M.C. Arts I.C. Hollman P.C. Keijer J. …

Targeting the RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway for cancer therapy: from mechanism to clinical studies.

Metastatic dissemination of solid tumors, a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, underscores the urgent need for enhanced insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying metastasis, chemoresistance, and the mechanistic backgrounds of individuals whose cancers are prone to migration. The most prevalent signaling cascade governed by multi-kinase inhibitors is the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, encompassing the RAS-RAF-MAPK kinase (MEK)-extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway. RAF kinase is a primary mediator of the MAPK pathway, responsible for th

Advances in antisense oligonucleotide treatment for cancer.

RNA therapeutics, including antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), have emerged as a promising class of drugs, with several already approved for clinical use. To date, most approved ASO-based RNA therapies target non-malignant disorders such as neurodegenerative diseases, and only a single therapy in this class has been approved for cancer. Notably, nearly half of existing RNA therapeutics act by modulating RNA splicing. Given the growing evidence implicating aberrant RNA splicing in cancer pathogenesis, the development of ASO-based therapeutics for oncologic indications is expected to accelerate.

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… Efficacy and safety of AP 12009 in patients with recurrent or refractory anaplastic astrocytoma or secondary glioblastoma (SAPPHIRE). U.S. National Library of Medicine (NLM), National Institutes of Health (NIH), 8600 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA. …

Integration of circadian rhythms and immunotherapy for enhanced precision in brain cancer treatment.

Circadian rhythms significantly impact (patho)physiological processes, with disruptions linked to neurodegenerative diseases and heightened cancer vulnerability. While immunotherapy has shown promise in treating various cancers, its efficacy in brain malignancies remains limited. This review explores the nexus of circadian rhythms and immunotherapy in brain cancer treatment, emphasising precision through alignment with the body's internal clock. We evaluate circadian regulation of immune responses, including cell localisation and functional phenotype, and discuss how circadian dysregulation af

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… Search strategy and selection criteria A literature search was performed on PubMed with the following search terms (ependymoma [tiab] OR atypical teratoma [tiab] OR glioma [tiab] OR glioblastoma [tiab] OR pineal tum∗ [tiab] OR pituitary adenoma [tiab] OR meningioma [tiab] OR medulloblastoma [tiab] OR astrocytoma …

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Altered Inflammatory Pathway in an Inducible Glial Cell Model of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1.

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), the most frequent inherited muscular dystrophy in adults, is caused by the CTG repeat expansion in the 3'UTR of the DMPK gene. Mutant DMPK RNA accumulates in nuclear foci altering diverse cellular functions including alternative splicing regulation. DM1 is a multisystemic condition, with debilitating central nervous system alterations. Although a defective neuroglia communication has been described as a contributor of the brain pathology in DM1, the specific cellular and molecular events potentially affected in glia cells have not been totally recognized. Thus,

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… Induction of RANTES expression by astrocytes and astrocytoma cell lines. J. Neuroimmunol. 1996;71:207–214. doi: 10.1016/S0165-5728(96)00154-3. 69. Mennicken F., Maki R., de Souza E.B., Quirion R. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in the CNS: A possible role in neuroinflammation and patterning. …

Alkylating anticancer agents and their relations to microRNAs.

Alkylating agents represent an important class of anticancer drugs. The occurrence and emergence of tumor resistance to the treatment with alkylating agents denotes a severe problem in the clinics. A detailed understanding of the mechanisms of activity of alkylating drugs is essential in order to overcome drug resistance. In particular, the role of non-coding microRNAs concerning alkylating drug activity and resistance in various cancers is highlighted in this review. Both synthetic and natural alkylating agents, which are approved for cancer therapy, are discussed concerning their interplay w

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… Curr Signal Transd Ther 2014 9 9 14 10.2174/1574362409999140707103609 100 Li XB Wang J Xu AD Huang JM Meng LQ The microRNA-1268 rs28599926 polymorphism modified diffusely infiltrating astrocytoma risk and prognosis. …