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Cyclic Peptides in Modern Drug Discovery: Trends and Therapeutic Directions.

Peptide therapeutics are an important drug modality due to their high specificity, favorable safety, and expanding design potential. Among them, cyclic peptides occupy a space between small molecules and biologics, offering improved rigidity, stability, and target engagement. This report analyzes trends in cyclic peptide research using data from the CAS Content Collection over the past two decades. Results show a steady rise in academic publications and patents, reflecting growing interest across discovery and development. Notably, oral administration is gaining attention, indicating progress

Functions and Therapeutic Potentials of Long Noncoding RNA in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Dystrophy.

Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in the human body and is responsible for movement, metabolism, energy production and longevity. Muscle atrophy is a frequent complication of several diseases and occurs when protein degradation exceeds protein synthesis. Genetics, ageing, nerve injury, weightlessness, cancer, chronic diseases, the accumulation of metabolic byproducts and other stimuli can lead to muscle atrophy. Muscular dystrophy is a neuromuscular disorder, part of which is caused by the deficiency of dystrophin protein and is mostly related to genetics. Muscle atrophy and muscular

Микроглиа регулирует расчистку миелин и метаболизм холестерина после демиелинации с помощью интерферона регулирующего коэффициента 5.

Регулирующий фактор интерферона 5 (IRF5) — это фактор транскрипции, который играет определенную роль в организации врожденной иммунной реакции, особенно в ответ на вирусные инфекции. В частности, IRF5 был определен как ген микроглийного риска, связанный с множественным склерозом (MS), однако его конкретная роль в патогенезе MS остается неясной. С помощью ирф5-/- мышей наше исследование обнаруживает неканоническую функцию IRF5 в восстановлении MS. Ирф5-/- мыши продемонстрировали повышенный ущерб в экспериментальной модели аутоиммунной энцефаломиелита (EAE) и продемонстрировали неисправный набор

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… *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01 Since IRF5-deficient microglia showed an increase in the accumulation of cholesterol esters (CEs), we next investigated whether the accumulated myelin-derived cholesterol was released into the extracellular space via specific transporters or converted to CE by cholesterol acyltransferase …

Mechanism and clinical progression of solid tumors bone marrow metastasis.

The rich blood supply of the bone marrow provides favorable conditions for tumor cell proliferation and growth. In the disease's early stages, circulating tumor cells can escape to the bone marrow and form imperceptible micro metastases. These tumor cells may be reactivated to regain the ability to grow aggressively and eventually develop into visible metastases. Symptomatic bone marrow metastases with abnormal hematopoiesis solid tumor metastases are rare and have poor prognoses. Treatment options are carefully chosen because of the suppression of bone marrow function. In this review, we summ

Advances in the Treatment of Cardiac Amyloidosis.

Opinion statementCardiac amyloidosis is associated with a high mortality rate, a long delay between the first signs and the diagnosis but a short interval between diagnosis and death. This scenario has changed recently due to improved disease awareness among doctors and significant progress in diagnosis thanks to multimodal imaging and a multidisciplinary approach. Therefore, during the last few years, we have had access to specific therapies for those patients. Those therapies are quite different depending on the type of amyloidosis, but there has been real progress. Systemic light chain amyl

Plasma микроRNA Подпись как предсказательный знак клинической реакции на терапию во время множественного склероза.

ЦЕЛЬ: Несмотря на наличие эффективных методов лечения множественного склероза (MS), непредсказуемый характер развития заболеваний и изменчивость результатов индивидуального лечения требуют надежных биомаркеров. Цель этого экспериментального исследования заключается в изучении потенциала плазмы, циркулирующей микроРНК (миРНК), в качестве биомаркеров-метилфумаратов для клинической реакции на диметил-фумарат (ДМП), широко применяемой пероральной обработки НР. МЕТОДЫ: Образцы периферальной крови были взяты из nineteen лиц с повторными выбросами MS (PwRRMS) до и после 3, 6, 12, и 24 месяцев управле

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… MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non‐coding, single‐stranded RNA molecules able to regulate a diversified range of biological processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses [ 19 , 20 ]; furthermore, upon release into the extracellular space, miRNAs have been proposed as biomarkers for a plethora …

Advances in preclinical hematopoietic stem cell models and possible implications for improving therapeutic transplantation.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a treatment for many malignant, congenital, and acquired hematologic diseases. Some outstanding challenges in the HSCT field include the paucity of immunologically-matched donors, our inability to effectively expand hematopoeitic stem cells (HSCs) ex vivo, and the high infection risk during engraftment. Scientists are striving to develop protocols to generate, expand, and maintain HSCs ex vivo, however these are not yet ready for clinical application. Given these problems, advancing our understanding of HSC specification, regulation, and differ

Xerostomia due to systemic disease: a review of 20 conditions and mechanisms.

Xerostomia is a common complaint of nearly half of the elderly population and about one-fifth of younger adults. It causes several signs and symptoms, and compromise oral functions and health-related quality-of-life. Multiple reasons are proposed to describe the etiology of xerostomia such as local factors, psychogenic factors, and systemic diseases. In order to manage xerostomia effectively, identification of the main causality is mandatory. The aim of this review was to present systemic diseases leading to xerostomia with their mechanisms of action. We used various general search engines and

Помимо генов: 3D-архитектура Эпизвита и Орион с помощью платформы "Орион" открывает общую биологию по всему ME/CFS, длинный COVID, ПТСР, ревматоидный артрит и множественный склероз.

КОЛИЧЕСТВО: Myalgic ensphalomyelit/хронический синдром усталости (ME/CFS), длинный COVID (LC19), посттравматическое стрессовое расстройство (PTSD), ревматоидный артрит (RA) и множественный склероз (MS) являются клинически отличными расстройствами, характеризующимися значительным совпадением симптомов, включая стойкую усталость, когнитивное расстройство, автономную дисфункцию и регулирование иммунной дисфункции. Хотя эти условия различаются в плане диагностики и клинического представления, их основополагающие биологические механизмы по-прежнему плохо понимаются и могут включать совпадающие пути

Multiple Myeloma Cell-Derived Exosomes: Implications on Tumorigenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological disease that is still not curable. The bone marrow milieu, with cellular and non-cellular elements, participate in the creation of a pro-tumoral environment enhancing growth and survival of MM plasma cells. Exosomes are vesicles oscillating in dimension between 50 nm and 100 nm in size that can be released by various cells and contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of MM. Exosomes enclose proteins, cytokines, lipids, microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs able to regulate interactions between MM plasma cells and adjacent cells. Throug

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Congestive heart failure associated with POEMS syndrome that was adequately distinguished from cardiac amyloidosis: a case report and literature review.

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is a common complication in patients with AL amyloidosis but is rare in another plasma cell dyscrasia, POEMS syndrome. A 52-year-old man developed POEMS syndrome with a solitary plasmacytoma complicated by CHF mimicking cardiac amyloidosis (CA). His neurological symptoms and CHF did not improve after radiotherapy (50 Gy) targeting the plasmacytoma. Based on typical findings of noninvasive examinations such as elevated serum NT-proBNP (12,631 pg/mL), a pseudo-infarct pattern on electrocardiography, interventricular septal thickening with a granular sparkling appea

Acquired platelet disorders.

Platelets are essential to primary hemostasis, and defects in their number or function can lead to clinically significant bleeding or thrombosis. Acquired platelet disorders are far more common than the inherited forms and arise in a wide range of settings, including drug exposure, autoimmune, systemic, and critical illnesses. This review examines current understanding of the mechanisms driving acquired platelet dysfunction and outlines the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that are shaping contemporary standards of care. Drug-related and immune-mediated platelet defects remain the most re

Antibody-Drug Conjugates: Ushering in a New Era of Cancer Therapy.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have provided new therapeutic options and significant promise for patients with cancer, particularly where existing treatments are limited. Substantial effort in ADC development is underway globally, with 13 ADCs currently approved and many more in development. The therapeutic benefits of ADCs leverage the ability to selectively target cancer cells through antibody binding, resultant relative sparing of non-malignant tissues, and the targeted delivery of a cytotoxic payload. Consequently, this drug class has demonstrated activity in multiple malignancies refract

Mycobiota и Antifungal Antibodies как новые целевые показатели для диагностики и прогнозирования болезней человека.

Человеческое тело колонизируется различными микроорганизмами, при этом наиболее активно изучаются бактерии. Однако грибы, которые в совокупности известны как «микобиота», все чаще признаются в качестве составных компонентов микробиоты, населяющей почти все мукосальные поверхности. Комменсальные грибы оказывают влияние на иммунитет хост-приемника, как и бактерии, и способствуют выполнению других важных функций, включая метаболизм. В этом новом понимании грибы рассматриваются как потенциальные биомаркеры для диагностики и прогнозирования различных заболеваний. В этом обзоре мы изучаем двойную ро

Intrathecal Inflammatory Profile and Gray Matter Damage Predict Progression Independent of Relapse Activity in Early Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine, at the time of diagnosis, a CSF and MRI profile of intrathecal compartmentalized inflammation predictive of progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) in early relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). METHODS: This five-year prospective study included 80 treatment-naïve patients with RRMS enrolled at time of diagnosis. All patients underwent a lumbar puncture, regular neurologic evaluations including an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessment every 6 months, and an annual 3T brain MRI. PIRA was d

Non-Exosomal and Exosomal Circulatory MicroRNAs: Which Are More Valid as Biomarkers?

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-coding RNAs with approximately 19-25 nucleotides that are involved in regulating a range of developmental and physiological processes. Non-exosomal circulating and exosomal miRNAs have also been proposed to be useful in diagnostics as biomarkers for diseases and different types of cancer. In this review, the quantity of miRNAs and of reliable experimental data analyses of miRNAs that come from exosomal and non-exosomal sources are discussed from the perspective of their use as biomarkers for cancer and other diseases, including viral infections, nerv

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… They termed them ‘a type of small vesicles' responsible for the transportation of receptors into extracellular space during the maturation of sheep reticulocytes ( Pan and Johnstone, 1983 ). …

C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) antagonism in precision oncology: Clinical applications and future directions.

Physiologically, the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) signalling pathway regulates key aspects of tumor behavior (growth, metastasis, and immune evasion) and modulates immune system function. Anticancer researchers have identified peptide-based CXCR4 antagonists as promising candidates due to their high targeting specificity and favorable safety profiles. This review provides an analytical examination of CXCR4 antagonistic peptides,the selective Mavorixafor (X4P-001), an advanced, selective CXCR4 inhibitor. When Mavorixafor binds to the same location as C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 (

The Arrhythmic Burden of Cardiac Amyloidosis: A Comprehensive Review.

Cardiac amyloidosis (CA) represents a growing etiology of heart failure (HF) and arrhythmogenesis, driven by the intramyocardial deposition of aberrantly folded proteins, notably immunoglobulin light chains (AL) and transthyretin (ATTR). This infiltrative process compromises myocardial compliance and disrupts the cardiac conduction system, leading to a diverse spectrum of dysrhythmias. The escalating prevalence of CA, particularly within geriatric demographics and individuals with plasma cell dyscrasias, underscores the imperative for refined diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms. The considera

In Vivo Bone Tissue Engineering Strategies: Advances and Prospects.

Reconstruction of critical-sized bone defects remains a tremendous challenge for surgeons worldwide. Despite the variety of surgical techniques, current clinical strategies for bone defect repair demonstrate significant limitations and drawbacks, including donor-site morbidity, poor anatomical match, insufficient bone volume, bone graft resorption, and rejection. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has emerged as a novel approach to guided bone tissue regeneration. BTE focuses on in vitro manipulations with seed cells, growth factors and bioactive scaffolds using bioreactors. The successful clinical