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High-fat diet during lactation, as opposed to during adolescence or gestation, programs cardiometabolic and autonomic dysfunctions in adult offspring.

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept has been established for three decades. Many studies have shown that, besides pregnancy, other plastic phases (mainly preconception, lactation, and infancy-adolescence) are also sensitive to environmental changes, including nutritional conditions, that can program health or disease later in life. This study compared the susceptibility of the gestation, lactation and adolescence to a high-fat diet (HFD) intervention to program rats into autonomic nervous system imbalance and cardiometabolic dysfunction in adulthood. Four groups of

Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone-Mediated Appetite Regulation in the Central Nervous System.

Understanding the complex action mechanism of appetite regulation peptides can significantly impact therapeutic options in the treatment of … pressing neurons, lowering food intake, and raising energy expenditure via appetite suppression and sympathetic nervous system. Furthermore, it can increase the transmission of some anorexigenic hormones (e.g., dopamine) and interact with other orexigenic factors (e.g., agouti-related protein, neuropeptide Y) to influence food reward rather than merely feeding behavior. The …

PEP reward reactivity moderates the effects of RSA reactivity on antisocial behavior and substance use.

Integrating Polyvagal Theory and Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST), we examined pre-ejection period (PEP) reward reactivity, which was … e students). ICG (impedance cardiography) and ECG (electrocardiogram) were recorded, computing PEP (sympathetic nervous system activity marker) and RSA (parasympathetic nervous system activity marker), while participants completed the modified Trier Social Stress Test and a simple reward task. Reactivity was calculated by subtracting the baseline from the task activity. Con …

Autonomic control of ventricular function in health and disease: current state of the art.

PurposeCardiac autonomic dysfunction is one of the main pillars of cardiovascular pathophysiology. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current state of the art on the pathological remodeling that occurs within the autonomic nervous system with cardiac injury and available neuromodulatory therapies for autonomic dysfunction in heart failure.MethodsData from peer-reviewed publications on autonomic function in health and after cardiac injury are reviewed. The role of and evidence behind various neuromodulatory therapies both in preclinical investigation and in-use in clini

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… Noradrenaline release and sympathetic nervous system activity. J Hypertens. 1985;3:117–129. doi: 10.1097/00004872-198504000-00003. 126. Masuo K, Kawaguchi H, Mikami H, Ogihara T, Tuck ML. … The sympathetic nervous system and blood pressure in humans: implications for hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2012;26:463–475. doi: 10.1038/jhh.2011.66. 129. Zucker IH, Schultz HD, Li YF, Wang Y, Wang W, Patel KP. …

The Physiology of Neurogenic Obesity: Lessons from Spinal Cord Injury Research.

BACKGROUND: A spinal cord injury (SCI) from trauma or disease impairs sensorimotor pathways in somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system, affecting multiple body systems. Improved medical practices have increased survivability and life expectancy after SCI, allowing for the development of extensive metabolic comorbidities and profound changes in body composition that culminate in prevalent obesity. SUMMARY: Obesity is the most common cardiometabolic component risk in people living with SCI, with a diagnostic body mass index cutoff of 22 kg/m2 to account for a phenotype of high adi

[Unique characteristics of "the second brain" - The enteric nervous system].

Enteric nervous system (ENS) is composed of intestinal submucosal and myenteric plexuses. ENS may independently regulate intestinal digestive and absorptive function, and it is also known as "the second brain" or gut brain. ENS has significant specificity relative to central nervous system (CNS) in properties and functional activities of neurons and neural circuits. ENS is connected with CNS through the feedback pathway (brain-gut-axis) of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves and peripheral primary sensory afferent nerves to form the bidirectional brain-gut-axis, which may affect emotion, ap

Hydrogen-rich water for improvements of mood, anxiety, and autonomic nerve function in daily life.

Health and a vibrant life are sought by everyone. To improve quality of life (QOL), maintain a healthy state, and prevent various diseases, evaluations of the effects of potentially QOL-increasing factors are important. Chronic oxidative stress and inflammation cause deteriorations in central nervous system function, leading to low QOL. In healthy individuals, aging, job stress, and cognitive load over several hours also induce increases in oxidative stress, suggesting that preventing the accumulation of oxidative stress caused by daily stress and daily work contributes to maintaining QOL and

Direct inhibition, but indirect sensitization of pacemaker activity to sympathetic tone by the interaction of endotoxin with HCN-channels.

In critically ill patients regulation of heart-rate is often severely disturbed. Interaction of bacterial endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide, LPS) with hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation-(HCN)-channels may interfere with heart-rate regulation. This study analyzes the effect of LPS, the HCN-channel blocker ivabradine or Ca(2+) -channel blockers (nifedipine, verapamil) on pacemaking in spontaneously beating neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (CM) in vitro. In vivo, the effect of LPS on the heart-rate of adult CD1-mice with and without autonomic blockade is analyzed telemetrically. LP

Noradrenaline transmission reducing drugs may protect against a broad range of diseases.

1 A growing body of evidence suggests that the signalling molecule, noradrenaline (NA), plays a pathophysiological role in a broad range of … rauma, or other environmental factors. 3 As NA is involved in the 'fight or flight' response by the sympathetic nervous system, this transmitter may be elevated in a large number of organisms due to evolutionary selection of enhancing responses to immediate environmental dangers. Likewise, acetylcholine signalling by the parasympathetic ('rest and digest') nervous system ma …

Etiology and risk factors for developing orthostatic hypotension.

Orthostatic hypotension (OH) is regarded as a decrease primarily in systolic blood pressure on changing position from supine to erect. Based … these agents increase the risk for triggering OH through varying vasodilative mechanisms or through sympathetic nervous system interruption; for other drugs, no mechanism of action has been identified. These factors should be considered when diagnosing OH and when prescribing remedies for both patients with OH and those without OH; medication's contributions to the severity …

Prions in the peripheral nerves of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-affected cattle.

With the use of increasingly sensitive methods for detection of the abnormal isoform of prion protein (PrP(Sc)) and infectivity in prion diseases, it has recently been shown that parts of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)-affected cattle may become infected. It has been reported that prions spread to the central nervous system (CNS) via the PNS in sheep scrapie, but the pathogenesis of BSE in cattle is less well understood. To determine whether parts of the PNS other than those implicated directly in the hypothetical pathogenetic spread of agent from

[Autonomic dysfunctions in acute intermittent porphyria].

A young woman with acute intermittent porphyria is described. She was admitted in a prolonged attack and had developed a flaccid quadriplegia. During the course she showed various manifestations of the autonomic nervous system, including pupils, gastrointestinal tract, cardiovascular system and others. On admission her pupils were equally mydriatic, and reacted to light sluggishly. Dilation of the pupils was seen when cocaine was instilled, but not when adrenalin. It was suggested that the parasympathetic control of pupils was disturbed. She complained repeatedly abdominal pain, nausea, vomiti

Effect of adrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic agonists on atrial natriuretic peptide secretion by isolated rat atria. Potential role of the autonomic nervous system in modulating atrial natriuretic peptide secretion.

Stretching of the atrial wall is a known stimulant for atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion. Little is known about other factors that … (d) Methacholine inhibits norepinephrine-stimulated ANP secretion. Thus, in vivo, activation of the sympathetic nervous system may enhance ANP secretion, whereas a rise in parasympathetic tone may lower ANP secretion.

Affective Responsivity and Cardiovascular Stress Reactivity in Depression.

BACKGROUND: Profound stress system dysfunction is a hallmark pathological feature of major depressive disorder (MDD), including altered affective dynamics in response to stress. However, no studies have directly assessed the link between negative affective responsivity (NA-R) to daily stressors and sympathetic-cardiovascular stress reactivity in young adults with MDD. We tested the hypotheses that (1) greater NA-R to daily stressors would be positively related to the magnitude of acute stress-induced sympathetic-cardiovascular reactivity in young adults (18-30 years) and (2) the slope of these

Central AT1 receptor signaling by circulating angiotensin II is permissive to acute intermittent hypoxia-induced sympathetic neuroplasticity.

Acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) triggers sympathetic long-term facilitation (sLTF), a progressive increase in sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) linked to central AT1 receptor (AT1R) activation by circulating angiotensin II (ANG II). Here, we investigated AIH activation of the peripheral renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the extent to which the magnitude of RAS activation predicts the magnitude of AIH-induced sLTF. In anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats, plasma renin activity (PRA) increased in a linear fashion in response to 5 (P = 0.0342) and 10 (P < 0.0001) cycles of AIH, with PRA remaini

Effects of type 1 diabetes on reflexive cardiovascular responses to intermittent muscle contraction.

Studies have shown that early-stage type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) leads to an exaggerated reflex pressor response to both static muscle contraction and tendon stretch. However, whether similar responses are present during dynamic exercise (i.e., intermittent contraction) is not known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine whether T1DM leads to an exaggerated reflex pressor response to intermittent muscle contraction. We measured the exercise pressor reflex in unanesthetized, decerebrated T1DM (50 mg/kg streptozotocin; STZ) and healthy control (CTL) Sprague-Dawley rats by inte

Rapid onset pressor response to exercise in young women with a family history of hypertension.

What is the central question of this study? Alterations in blood pressure control at exercise onset are apparent in older adults with established cardiovascular disease. It is currently not known whether these alterations are evident in young adults with a family history of hypertension. What is the main finding and its importance? We demonstrate that young women with a family history of hypertension display a larger change in blood pressure within the first 10 s of isometric exercise. These data suggest altered blood pressure control in young women with a family history of hypertension. Hyper

Neurohormonal Imbalance: A Neglected Problem-And Potential Therapeutic Target-In Acute Heart Failure.

Decompensated or acute heart failure (AHF) is characterized by increased ventricular and atrial pressures which may lead to and be caused by circulatory congestion. Unless due to a primary decrease in cardiac function, congestion arises from volume expansion or vasoconstriction. In turn, volume expansion and vasoconstriction are due to neurohormonal imbalance since both result from activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and excess secretion of arginine vasopressin. Outcomes in AHF remain dismal. Loop diuretics are the mainstay of therapy for AHF an…

Cerebral salt wasting: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment.

Cerebral salt wasting (CSW) is a syndrome of hypovolemic hyponatremia caused by natriuresis and diuresis. The mechanisms underlying CSW have not been precisely delineated, although existing evidence strongly implicates abnormal elevations in circulating natriuretic peptides. The key in diagnosis of CSW lies in distinguishing it from the more common syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Volume status, but not serum and urine electrolytes and osmolality, is crucial for making this distinction. Volume and sodium repletion are the goals of treatment of patients with CSW, and