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Beyond Formulation: Contributions of Nanotechnology for Translation of Anticancer Natural Products into New Drugs.

Nature is the largest pharmacy in the world. Doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PTX) are two examples of natural-product-derived drugs employed as first-line treatment of various cancer types due to their broad mechanisms of action. These drugs are marketed as conventional and nanotechnology-based formulations, which is quite curious since the research and development (R&D) course of nanoformulations are even more expensive and prone to failure than the conventional ones. Nonetheless, nanosystems are cost-effective and represent both novel and safer dosage forms with fewer side effects due to m

Is more better? An analysis of toxicity and response outcomes from dose-finding clinical trials in cancer.

BackgroundThe overwhelming majority of dose-escalation clinical trials use methods that seek a maximum tolerable dose, including rule-based methods like the 3+3, and model-based methods like CRM and EWOC. These methods assume that the incidences of efficacy and toxicity always increase as dose is increased. This assumption is widely accepted with cytotoxic therapies. In recent decades, however, the search for novel cancer treatments has broadened, increasingly focusing on inhibitors and antibodies. The rationale that higher doses are always associated with superior efficacy is less clear for t

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… Sinha R, Kaufman JL, Khoury HJ, King N, Shenoy PJ, Lewis C, Bumpers K, Hutchison-Rzepka A, Tighiouart M, Heffner LT, Lechowicz MJ, Lonial S, Flowers CR. …

Therapeutic Potential of Antibody-Drug Conjugate-Based Therapy in Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review.

BackgroundAntibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed to deliver potent cytotoxic agents into tumor tissues. During the last two decades, a plethora of ADCs have been successfully developed and used for several indications, including hematologic and solid tumors. In this work, we systematically reviewed the progress in ADC development for the treatment of HNC.MethodsThis review was registered in PROSPERO database. A comprehensive search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines and using PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science database.ResultsIn total, 19 studies were included. Due to the significa

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… Sehn L.H., Herrera A.F., Flowers C.R., Kamdar M.K., McMillan A., Hertzberg M., Assouline S., Kim T.M., Kim W.S., Ozcan M., et al. Polatuzumab Vedotin in Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2020;38:155–165. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00172. 38. …

Current and Novel Alkylators in Multiple Myeloma.

A large number of novel treatments for myeloma have been developed and approved; however, alkylating drugs continue to be part of standard regimens. Additionally, novel alkylators are currently being developed. We performed a non-systematized literary search for relevant papers and communications at large conferences, as well as exploiting the authors' knowledge of the field, to review the history, current use and novel concepts around the traditional alkylators cyclophosphamide, bendamustine and melphalan and current data on the newly developed pro-drug melflufen. Even in the era of targeted

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… Radivoyevitch T., Dean R.M., Shaw B.E., Brazauskas R., Tecca H.R., Molenaar R.J., Battiwalla M., Savani B.N., Flowers M.E.D., Cooke K.R., et al. Risk of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome after autotransplants for lymphomas and plasma cell myeloma. Leuk. …

Towards Drug Repurposing in Cancer Cachexia: Potential Targets and Candidates.

As a multifactorial and multiorgan syndrome, cancer cachexia is associated with decreased tolerance to antitumor treatments and increased morbidity and mortality rates. The current approaches for the treatment of this syndrome are not always effective and well established. Drug repurposing or repositioning consists of the investigation of pharmacological components that are already available or in clinical trials for certain diseases and explores if they can be used for new indications. Its advantages comparing to de novo drugs development are the reduced amount of time spent and costs. In thi

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… Parthenolide Parthenolide is a sesquiterpene lactone present in the flowers and leaves of the plant feverfew ( Tanacetum parthenium L.). Parthenolide has been used in clinical trials for the diagnostic of Allergic Contact Dermatitis [ 69 ]. …

Ocular toxicity associated with antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: a comprehensive review.

Ocular toxicity from anti-cancer drugs is frequently overlooked, largely because it is non-life-threatening, whereas clinical priorities often center on adverse events that pose immediate risks to survival. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as an important therapeutic modality in oncology, offering potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells through the targeted delivery of payloads. However, this potency also introduces a spectrum of toxicities, among which ocular toxicity has gained increasing attention. ADC-induced ocular toxicity can impair visual function and significantly compromi

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… Sehn LH, Herrera AF, Flowers CR, Kamdar MK, McMillan A, Hertzberg M, et al. Polatuzumab vedotin in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol. (2020) 38:155–65. doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00172. PMID: 53. U.S. Food and Drug Administration . …

Генетическая вариация генотипов ячменя с использованием морфологических признаков, содержания амилозы и молекулярных маркеров.

Для того чтобы любая работа по разведению растений была эффективной, необходимо обеспечить наличие и доступность различных генетических ресурсов. Использование простых последовательности повторения (ССР) маркеров, содержания амилозы и агроморфологической характеристики генетического разнообразия 50 Была проведена оценка генотипов ячменя. Поперечный 50 Генотипы, анализ разницы выявили весьма значительные колебания (p) < 0.01) в каждом признаке. Генотипы G20, G7, G18, G28, G41, G45, G50, G13, G39 и G47 продемонстрировали наивысшую урожайность. Была выявлена положительная корреляция между количес

Dual COX-2/TNF-α Inhibitors as Promising Anti-inflammatory and Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: A Review.

Cyclooxygenases (COX) play a pivotal role in inflammation and are responsible for the production of prostaglandins (PGs). Two types of COXs have been identified as key biological targets for drug design: Constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) target COX-1, while selective COX-2 inhibitors are designed for COX-2. These COX isoforms are involved in multiple physiological and pathological pathways throughout the body. Overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a role in COX-2's inflammatory activity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can c

Lipocalin 2-not only a biomarker: a study of current literature and systematic findings of ongoing clinical trials.

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, is an innate immune protein encoded by the LCN2 gene. In this study, we investigated various roles and functions of Lcn2 characterized in a systems-based format and evaluated its therapeutic potentials and clinical relevance for diagnosis and prognosis. An additional systematic presentation was presented for 70 ongoing clinical trials utilizing Lcn2 in the diagnostic and prognostic setting as a key outcome measure. With trials being conducted through December 2030, Lcn2 will become all the more relevant given its ass

Definitions, Biology, and Current Therapeutic Landscape of Myelodysplastic/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms.

Myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasms (MDS/MPN) are hematological disorders characterized by both proliferative and dysplastic features. According to the 2022 International Consensus Classification (ICC), MDS/MPN consists of clonal monocytosis of undetermined significance (CMUS), chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML), atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML), MDS/MPN with SF3B1 mutation (MDS/MPN-T-SF3B1), MDS/MPN with ring sideroblasts and thrombocytosis not otherwise specified (MDS/MPN-RS-T-NOS), and MDS/MPN-NOS. These disorders exhibit a diverse range of genetic alterations involving

Endocrine sequelae of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Effects on mineral homeostasis and bone metabolism.

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established therapeutic strategy for the treatment of malignant (leukemia and lymphoma) and non-malignant (thalassemia, anemia, and immunodeficiency) hematopoietic diseases. Thanks to the improvement in patient care and the development of more tolerable conditioning treatments, which has extended the applicability of therapy to the elderly, a growing number of patients have successfully benefited from HSCT therapy and, more importantly, HSCT transplant-related mortality has consistently reduced in recent years. However, concomitantly to long

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… Semin Hematol ( 2006 ) 43 ( 1 ): 1 – 2 . doi: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2005.11.028 16412783 179 Lee SJ Vogelsang G Flowers MED . Chronic graft-versus-host disease . Biol Blood Marrow Transplant ( 2003 ) 9 ( 4 ): 215–33 . doi: 10.1053/bbmt.2003.50026 12720215 180 Canalis E . …

Potential Adverse Effects of Dexamethasone Therapy on COVID-19 Patients: Review and Recommendations.

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global healthcare community has raced to find effective therapeutic agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, dexamethasone is the first and an important therapeutic to significantly reduce the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with severe disease. Due to powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, dexamethasone could attenuate SARS-CoV-2-induced uncontrolled cytokine storm, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury. Nevertheless, dexamethasone tre

Drug repurposing for breast cancer therapy: Old weapon for new battle.

Despite tremendous resources being invested in prevention and treatment, breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer deaths in women globally. The available treatment modalities are very costly and produces severe side effects. Drug repurposing that relate to new uses for old drugs has emerged as a novel approach for drug development. Repositioning of old, clinically approved, off patent non-cancer drugs with known targets, into newer indication is like using old weapons for new battle. The advances in genomics, proteomics and information computational biology has facilitated the process o

Molecular Mechanism of Autophagy and Its Regulation by Cannabinoids in Cancer.

Autophagy is a "self-degradation" process whereby malfunctioned cytoplasmic constituents and protein aggregates are engulfed by a vesicle called the autophagosome, and subsequently degraded by the lysosome. Autophagy plays a crucial role in sustaining protein homeostasis and can be an alternative source of energy under detrimental circumstances. Studies have demonstrated a paradoxical function for autophagy in cancer, displaying both tumour suppressive and tumour promotive roles. In early phases of tumour development autophagy promotes cancer cell death. In later phases, autophagy enables canc

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… Cannabis is the most widely consumed illicit drug, with its active components found in the stalks, leaves, flowers and seeds of the plant [ 124 ]. Synthetic cannabinoids are developed in a laboratory and include WIN-55,212-2, JWH-105 and arachidonyl-2′-chloroethylamide (ACEA) [ 125 ]. …

Tackling the cytokine storm in COVID-19, challenges and hopes.

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current world health concern, presenting a public health dilemma with ascending morbidity and mortality rates exceeding any previous viral spread, without a standard effective treatment yet. SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinguished with multiple epidemiological and pathological features, one of them being the elevated levels of cytokine release, which in turn trigger an aberrant uncontrolled response known as "cytokine storm". This phenomenon contributes to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to pneumonia and respir

Hematopoeitic Cell Transplantation and CAR T-Cell Therapy: Complements or Competitors?

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy are the main modalities of adoptive cellular immunotherapy that have widely permeated the clinical space. The advent of both technologies revolutionized treatment of many hematologic malignancies, both offering the chance at sustained remissions for patients who would otherwise invariably succumb to their diseases. The understanding and exploitation of the nonspecific alloreactivity of allo-HCT and the graft-versus-tumor effect is contrasted by the genetically engineered precision of C

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… Casulo C, Byrtek M, Dawson KL, Zhou X, Farber CM, Flowers CR, et al. Early Relapse of Follicular Lymphoma After Rituximab Plus Cyclophosphamide, Doxorubicin, Vincristine, and Prednisone Defines Patients at High Risk for Death: An Analysis From the National LymphoCare Study. …

Intravenous Vitamin C for Cancer Therapy - Identifying the Current Gaps in Our Knowledge.

The use of intravenous vitamin C (IVC) for cancer therapy has long been an area of intense controversy. Despite this, high dose IVC has been administered for decades by complementary health care practitioners and physicians, with little evidence base resulting in inconsistent clinical practice. In this review we pose a series of questions of relevance to both researchers and clinicians, and also patients themselves, in order to identify current gaps in our knowledge. These questions include: Do oncology patients have compromised vitamin C status? Is intravenous the optimal route of vitamin C a

Plant-Derived Natural Products in Cancer Research: Extraction, Mechanism of Action, and Drug Formulation.

Cancer is one of the main causes of death globally and considered as a major challenge for the public health system. The high toxicity and the lack of selectivity of conventional anticancer therapies make the search for alternative treatments a priority. In this review, we describe the main plant-derived natural products used as anticancer agents. Natural sources, extraction methods, anticancer mechanisms, clinical studies, and pharmaceutical formulation are discussed in this review. Studies covered by this review should provide a solid foundation for researchers and physicians to enhance basi

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… Resveratrol is mainly extracted from roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds [ 36 ]. Different methods for extraction and separation of resveratrol have been reported. Organic solvent extraction is one of the conventional procedures used to extract resveratrol [ 39 , 40 ]. … It is predominantly present in fruits and vegetables, such as celery, chrysanthemum flowers, sweet bell peppers, carrots, onion leaves, broccoli, and parsley [ 231 , 232 ]. …

Lung cancer immunotherapy: progress, pitfalls, and promises.

Lung cancer is the primary cause of mortality in the United States and around the globe. Therapeutic options for lung cancer treatment include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drug therapy. Medical management is often associated with the development of treatment resistance leading to relapse. Immunotherapy is profoundly altering the approach to cancer treatment owing to its tolerable safety profile, sustained therapeutic response due to immunological memory generation, and effectiveness across a broad patient population. Different tumor-specific vaccination strategies are

A year in pharmacology: new drugs approved by the US food and drug administration in 2025.

The US Food and Drug Administration approved 45 new drugs and 4 new cellular and gene therapy products in 2025, that is, a total of 49 new medical therapies. Oncology, hematology/immunotherapy, and cardiovascular/respiratory drugs remain most frequent. Among oncology drugs, there is a trend for targeting ever smaller subtypes of malignancies and/or rarer malignancies. Trends over the past 6 years include steady levels of first-in-indication (about 10%), first-in-class (about 38%), and next-in-class (about 51%) approvals. Along with a large share of approvals in orphan indications (> 50%), fast

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… Allergol Int 73:137–142. 10.1016/j.alit.2023.04.003 Nemecek ER, Guthrie KA, Sorror ML, Wood BL, Doney KC, Hilger RA, Scott BL, Kovacsovics TJ, Maziarz RT, Woolfrey AE, Bedalov A, Sanders JE, Pagel JM, Sickle EJ, Witherspoon R, Flowers ME, Appelbaum FR, Deeg HJ (2011) Conditioning with treosulfan and …