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Lymph node metastasis in cancer progression: molecular mechanisms, clinical significance and therapeutic interventions.

Lymph nodes (LNs) are important hubs for metastatic cell arrest and growth, immune modulation, and secondary dissemination to distant sites through a series of mechanisms, and it has been proved that lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an essential prognostic indicator in many different types of cancer. Therefore, it is important for oncologists to understand the mechanisms of tumor cells to metastasize to LNs, as well as how LNM affects the prognosis and therapy of patients with cancer in order to provide patients with accurate disease assessment and effective treatment strategies. In recent years

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… that are surrounded by dense connective tissue and associated with particular nerves, lymphatic vessels, and blood vessels, with many of these LNs presenting in concentrated clusters found in specific anatomical locations. 4 , 5 Afferent lymphatic vessels deliver lymph to the LNs. … Regulation of lymphangiogenesis More dense lymphatic vessels have been reported in peritumoral regions as compared to healthy tissues, and intratumoral lymphatic vessel growth has also been documented. 33 The process of lymphangiogenesis is closely associated with the formation of new lymphatic vessels …

Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic perspectives.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling is a critical regulator of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis, processes that are vital for the development of vascular and lymphatic systems, tissue repair, and the maintenance of homeostasis. VEGF ligands and their receptors orchestrate endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and survival, playing a pivotal role in dynamic vascular remodeling. Dysregulated VEGF signaling drives diverse pathological conditions, including tumor angiogenesis, cardiovascular diseases, and ocular disorders. Excessive VEGF activity promotes tu

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… This distinction enables NRP1 to dominate blood vessel formation and NRP2 to dominate lymphatic vessel development. NRP1 lacks intrinsic signaling activity. … Lymphangiogenesis Approximately 400 years ago, lymphatic vessels were first described by Gaspare Aselli in Italy and their route was correctly identified by Jean Pecquet in France. 368 Functioning as a parallel circulatory system to blood vessels, lymphatic vessels maintain tissue homeostasis by draining …

Exploring the genetic alterations of Gorham-Stout disease.

The "vanishing bone disease" or Gorham-Stout disease (GSD) is a very rare disorder characterized by massive lymphatic and angiomatous proliferation accompanied by progressive osteolysis, without the deposition of new bone matrix. Because of its rare and complex clinical features, diagnosis is challenging and its etiopathogenesis is not completely known; the genetic basis of GSD has been hypothesized and different mutations have been reported in patients. Our review aims to describe all these genetic alterations found in GSD patients and their association with clinical features. The identificat

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… Moreover, both the medullary and cortical regions of affected bones present lymphatic vessels, which are not typically found in normal bones ( 4 ). … Moreover, it is crucial for lymphatic vessel development ( 73 ) as demonstrated in Gata2 heterozygous deficient mice, which display delayed lymphatic recanalization after resection ( 74 , 75 ). …

Recent advances in anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer.

Since angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and metastasis, anti-angiogenic treatment is a highly promising therapeutic approach. Thus, for over last couple of decades, there has been a robust activity aimed towards the discovery of angiogenesis inhibitors. More than forty anti-angiogenic drugs are being tested in clinical trials all over the world. This review discusses agents that have approved by the FDA and are currently in use for treating patients either as single-agents or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.

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… However, lymphatic vessels are speculated to contribute to tumor growth and metastasis in a variety of ways. … Thus, there exists a synergistic crosstalk between the tumor and the lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. REGULATORS OF TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS Angiogenesis is a complex and intricately regulated process. …

Immune-Mediated Dermatoses in Patients with Haematological Malignancies: A Comprehensive Review.

Haematological malignancies induce important alterations of the immune system, which account for the high frequency of autoimmune complications observed in patients. Cutaneous immune-mediated diseases associated with haematological malignancies encompass a heterogeneous group of dermatoses, including, among others, neutrophilic and eosinophilic dermatoses, autoantibody-mediated skin diseases, vasculitis and granulomatous dermatoses. Some of these diseases, such as paraneoplastic pemphigus, are associated with an increased risk of death; others, such as eosinophilic dermatoses of haematological

Lymphedema Associated With Primary Amyloidosis: A Case Study.

We reported on a 60-year-old man presenting lymphedema of both lower extremities and scrotum for 3 years with unknown cause. We took a computed tomography scan of the lower extremities as a follow-up. There were diffuse subcutaneous edema in both lower extremities and multiple enlarged lymph nodes along the para-aortic and bilateral inguinal areas. For further evaluation, biopsy of an enlarged inguinal lymph node was taken, yielding a diagnosis of primary amyloidosis. A treatment of chemotherapy for amyloidosis was recommended for him. To our knowledge, this is the first report of lymphedema p

Tubal flushing for subfertility.

BACKGROUND: Establishing the subgroup analysis of the fallopian tubes (tubes) is a commonly undertaken diagnostic investigation for women wi … adverse event during tubal flushing is intravasation (backflow of contrast medium into the blood or lymphatic vessels),which could lead to embolism although it is asymptomatic in most cases. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of tubal flushing with oil-soluble contrast media (OSCM) and water-soluble contrast media (WSCM) on subsequent fertility o …

Tumor microenvironment targeted nano-drug delivery systems for multidrug resistant tumor therapy.

In recent years, nano-drug delivery systems (Nano-DDS) that target the tumor microenvironment (TME) to overcome multidrug resistance (MDR) have become a research hotspot in the field of cancer therapy. By precisely targeting the TME and regulating its unique pathological features, such as hypoxia, weakly acidic pH, and abnormally expressed proteins, etc., these Nano-DDS enable effective delivery of therapeutic agents and reversal of MDR. This scientific research community is increasing its investment in the development of diversified systems and exploring their anti-drug resistance potential.

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… LECs maintains tumor homeostasis by forming a network of lymphatic vessels that drain excess fluid, waste, and immune cells from tumor tissue to the peripheral lymphatic system. … vessels in cancer Physiol Rev 2022 102 1837 1879 35771983 10.1152/physrev.00039.2021 58 Ayuso JM Gong MM Skala MC Harari PM Beebe DJ Human tumor-lymphatic microfluidic model reveals differential conditioning of lymphatic vessels by breast cancer cells Adv Healthc Mater 2020 9 1900925 10.1002/adhm.201900925 …

Chest and Mediastinum

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… They can only be seen when the lymphatic vessels are thickened. Thickened lymphatics together with thickened surrounding connective tissue appear on a chest radiograph as what is called Kerley lines. Kerley lines may be transient or persistent. … vessels Congenital Anomalies A wide variety of congenital abnormalities affect the region of the thorax and may present difficulties in interpretation of radiologic examinations. …

Hyaluronan, fluid pressure, and stromal resistance in pancreas cancer.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAs) are notoriously aggressive and resistant to treatment. They distinguish themselves further by their robust fibroinflammatory, or desmoplastic, stromal reaction and degree of hypovascularity. Recent findings have revealed multiple mechanisms of stromal complicity in disease pathogenesis and resistance. In this review, we focus on altered physicomechanics as one mechanism of what we term as 'stromal resistance' in PDA. Extremely high interstitial fluid pressures and a dense extracellular matrix combine to limit the delivery and distribution of therapeutic

Ascites Index - an attempt to objectify the assessment of ascites.

IntroductionAscites is observed in cancer patients as well as in other non-neoplastic processes. In some patients, it may cause severe symptoms that can become directly life-threatening. The assessment of the degree of ascites seems useful in the determination of treatment effects as well as in the monitoring of fluid accumulation and early planning of decompression procedures.AimDetermination of the clinical usefulness of a quantitative method of determining the degree of ascites, so-called Ascites Index.Material and methodsThe Ascites Index is an ultrasonographic way of assessing the grade o

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… There are four types of malignant ascites: the central form, which is observed in 15% of cases and is caused by cancer cell infiltration in the hepatic parenchyma and by compression on the portal vein and lymphatic vessels; the peripheral form, which is observed in 50% of cases and is associated with … Peripheral ascites is caused by increased vascular permeability and obstruction of small lymphatic vessels or the thoracic duct (the main path of fluid resorption to the lymphatic system) due to cancerous infiltration ( 10 ) . …

Advanced biomaterial-based approaches for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a debilitating adverse effect linked to anti-resorptive and anti-angiogenic therapies, with an incidence of 4.34 % (6.22 % in oncology patients and 0.59 % in osteoporosis patients) based on a pooled analysis of 92 observational studies (2015-2020), characterized by persistent bone exposure and poor healing. Conventional treatment modalities often yield suboptimal outcomes, with recurrence and procedural morbidity. In recent years, biomaterial-based strategies have emerged as promising alternatives by targeting MRONJ's complex pathophysiolo

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… vessel morphology and function | Modulate inflammation | [ 47 ] tFNA | / | Rat | Increased BV/TV, BMD, more continuous trabeculae | Promote bone formation and exhibit cytoprotection effect | [ 48 ] tFNA-KLT | tFNA-KLT | Rat | Increased BV/TV, better soft tissue healing, improved new bone formation | … Lymphatic vessels are critical for maintaining immune homeostasis and facilitating bone repair, and their suppression has been observed in MRONJ models in vivo , correlating with prolonged inflammation and delayed healing [ 45 ], [ 69 ], [ 70 ], [ 71 ], [ 72 ], [ 73 ], [ 74 ], [ 75 ], [ 76 ], [ 77 ], …

Metastatic Spread in Prostate Cancer Patients Influencing Radiotherapy Response.

Radiotherapy and surgery are curative treatment options for localized prostate cancer (PCa) with a 5-year survival rate of nearly 100%. Once PCa cells spread into distant organs, such as bone, the overall survival rate of patients drops dramatically. The metastatic cascade and organotropism of PCa cells are regulated by different cellular subtypes, organ microenvironment, and their interactions. This cross-talk leads to pre-metastatic niche formation that releases chemo-attractive factors enforcing the formation of distant metastasis. Biological characteristics of PCa metastasis impacting on m

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… Lymph-angiogenesis studies identified the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) and its ligands vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) -C and -D as critical determinants of lymphatic endothelial cell proliferation and sprouting of lymphatic vessels. … Lymph-angiogenesis involves the outgrowth and remodeling of lymphatic vessels and is induced by vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) secreted from PCa cells and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 3 (VEGFR3) on lymphatic vessels. …

Modulation of Angiogenic Processes by the Human Gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr Virus and Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus.

Angiogenesis is the biological process by which new blood vessels are formed from pre-existing vessels. It is considered one of the classic hallmarks of cancer, as pathological angiogenesis provides oxygen and essential nutrients to growing tumors. Two of the seven known human oncoviruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), belong to the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. Both viruses are associated with several malignancies including lymphomas, nasopharyngeal carcinomas, and Kaposi's sarcoma. The viral genomes code for a plethora of viral factors, includin

Influence of Fibroblasts on Mammary Gland Development, Breast Cancer Microenvironment Remodeling, and Cancer Cell Dissemination.

The stromal microenvironment regulates mammary gland development and tumorigenesis. In normal mammary glands, the stromal microenvironment encompasses the ducts and contains fibroblasts, the main regulators of branching morphogenesis. Understanding the way fibroblast signaling pathways regulate mammary gland development may offer insights into the mechanisms of breast cancer (BC) biology. In fact, the unregulated mammary fibroblast signaling pathways, associated with alterations in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and branching morphogenesis, drive breast cancer microenvironment (BCM) rem

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… Practically, cancer cells invade the neighboring tissue, cross the vascular endothelial layer, and enter the blood and lymphatic vessels, thus becoming circulating BC cells. … Lymphatic vessels are more permeable than blood vessels, so they have long been considered the preferential route of BC cell dissemination [ 103 ]. However, some studies have contradicted this hypothesis. …

Yellow nail syndrome: a review.

Yellow nail syndrome (YNS; OMIM 153300, ORPHA662) is a very rare disorder that almost always occurs after 50 years of age but a juvenile or familial form has also been observed. YNS is diagnosed based on a triad associating yellow nail discoloration, pulmonary manifestations (chronic cough, bronchiectasia, pleural effusion) and lower limb lymphedema. Chronic sinusitis is frequently associated with the triad. YNS etiology remains unknown but a role of lymphatic impairment is usually evoked. YNS is more frequently isolated but may be associated in rare cases with autoimmune diseases, other clini

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… Fibrosis and dilated lymphatic vessels were also seen in the parietal pleura of a YNS patient [ 46 , 47 ]. …

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and Pregnancy-Do We Have All the Answers for a Woman Who Desires to Conceive?-Literature Review.

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare, progressive, and poor-prognosis systemic disorder that primarily affects women of reproductive age, with a higher prevalence among individuals of Caucasian origin. However, there are limited reliable data on the prevalence of LAM during pregnancy. The fulminant respiratory clinical presentation that often includes progressive dyspnea on exertion, cough, or hemoptysis, frequently complicated by pneumothorax, and the increased risk of spontaneous abortion due to increased estrogen and progesterone production during gestation, are arguments that most ofte

Delivery of Drugs into Cancer Cells Using Antibody-Drug Conjugates Based on Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis and the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect.

Innumerable people worldwide die of cancer every year, although pharmaceutical therapy has actualized many benefits in human health. For background, anti-cancer drug development is difficult due to the multifactorial pathogenesis and complicated pathology of cancers. Cancer cells excrete hydrophobic low-molecular anti-cancer drugs by overexpressed efflux transporters such as multiple drug resistance 1 (MDR1) at the apical membrane. Mutation-driven drug resistance is also developed in cancer. Moreover, the poor distribution of drug to cancer cells is a serious problem, because patients suffer f

Ten Years of Research on Fucoidan and Cancer: Focus on Its Antiangiogenic and Antimetastatic Effects.

Angiogenesis and metastasis represent two challenging targets to combat cancer development in the later stages of its progression. Numerous studies have indicated the important role of natural products in blocking tumor angiogenesis signaling pathways in several advanced tumors. In recent years, the marine polysaccharides fucoidans emerged as promising anticancer compounds showing potent antitumor activity in both in vitro and in vivo models of different types of cancers. The objective of this review is to focus on the antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activities of fucoidans with special emph

Cancer treatment using peptides: current therapies and future prospects.

This paper discusses the role of peptides in cancer therapy with special emphasis on peptide drugs which are already approved and those in clinical trials. The potential of peptides in cancer treatment is evident from a variety of different strategies that are available to address the progression of tumor growth and propagation of the disease. Use of peptides that can directly target cancer cells without affecting normal cells (targeted therapy) is evolving as an alternate strategy to conventional chemotherapy. Peptide can be utilized directly as a cytotoxic agent through various mechanisms or

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… When injected into the tail vein of mice with MDA-MB-435 breast cancer xenografts, LyP-1 peptide by itself inhibited tumor growth and reduced the number of lymphatic vessels, thus demonstrating a cytotoxic activity of the peptide. 7. … vessels Nature Medicine 2002 8 7 751 755 2-s2.0-0036063778 10.1038/nm720 12053175 102 Wagstaff KM Jans DA Protein transduction: cell penetrating peptides and their therapeutic applications Current Medicinal Chemistry 2006 13 12 1371 1387 2-s2.0-33646525645 16719783 10.2174/092986706776872871 103 Chen …