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Expression of regeneration-related molecules in injured and regenerating striatal and nigral neurons.

Peripheral nerve grafts in the neostriatum promote axonal regeneration from restricted classes of CNS neuron, principally cells in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and striatal cholinergic interneurons. We have examined the molecular responses of CNS neurons induced to regenerate axons by tibial nerve grafting to the neostriatum of adult rats. Brain sections were probed for mRNAs for the transcription factor c-jun, and the cell recognition molecule CHL1, or immunoreacted for TrkA or p75, 1 day to 29 weeks after grafting (dpo; wpo). In unoperated rats, scattered neurons throughout the

Segregated populations of hippocampal principal CA1 neurons mediating conditioning and extinction of contextual fear.

Learning processes mediating conditioning and extinction of contextual fear require activation of several key signaling pathways in the hippocampus. Principal hippocampal CA1 neurons respond to fear conditioning by a coordinated activation of multiple protein kinases and immediate early genes, such as cFos, enabling rapid and lasting consolidation of contextual fear memory. The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) additionally acts as a central mediator of fear extinction. It is not known however, whether these molecular events take place in overlapping or nonoverlapping neuronal popula

Bisphenol A and Its Analogue Bisphenol S Inhibit Cholinergic Neurotransmission at the Tripartite Colonic Myenteric Synapse of CD1 Mice by Targeting Interstitial Cells of Cajal.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and bisphenol S (BPS) are frequently used in the plastic industry. Despite significant alimentary exposure, their effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract remain largely unknown. Cholinergic and/or purinergic neurotransmission facilitates GI tract motility and secretion, indirectly controlling the absorption and toxicity of xenobiotics. Hence, this study examined the neurochemical effects of BPA and BPS in the tripartite cholinergic myenteric synapse of CD1 mice colon. Short time exposure to both bisphenols showed a partial loss of VAChT-positive neurons and Ano-1-positive

An Overview of Nicotinic Cholinergic System Signaling in Neurogenesis.

The production of new neurons continues in the adult mammalian brain because of the sustained proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) in neurogenic regions. The subventricular zone (SVZ), lining the lateral ventricle, and the subgranular zone (SGZ), which is in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, are the central regions of neurogenesis in the brain. Neurogenesis brings great hope for repairing a damaged brain and motivates researchers to detect the controlling signals of this process. Neurogenesis is regulated by intracellular and extracellular mechanisms that are

Neuro-Regenerative Choline-Functionalized Injectable Graphene Oxide Hydrogel Repairs Focal Brain Injury.

Brain damage is associated with spatial imbalance of cholinergic system, which makes severe impact in recovery of damaged neurons of brain. Therefore, maintenance of cholinergic system is extremely important. Here, we fabricated an injectable hydrogel with acetylcholine-functionalized graphene oxide and poly(acrylic acid). Results revealed that this hydrogel is non-cytotoxic, promotes neurite outgrowth, stabilizes microtubule networks, and enhances the expression of some key neural markers in rat cortical primary neurons. Further, this hydrogel exhibits significant potential in neuro-regenerat

Cholinergic Modulation of Stimulus-Specific Adaptation in the Inferior Colliculus.

UNLABELLED: Neural encoding of an ever-changing acoustic environment is a complex and demanding process that depends on modulation by neuroactive substances. Some neurons of the inferior colliculus (IC) exhibit "stimulus-specific adaptation" (SSA), i.e., a decrease in their response to a repetitive sound, but not to a rare one. Previous studies have demonstrated that acetylcholine (ACh) alters the frequency response areas of auditory neurons and therefore is important in the encoding of spectral information. Here, we address how microiontophoretic application of ACh modulates SSA in the IC of

Different innervation mechanisms between the lesser and greater curvature of guinea pig antrum.

Transmural stimulation (TS) produced a frequency-dependent contraction of the longitudinal muscles from the lesser curvature of the guinea p … to be present in the longitudinal muscles between the lesser curvature (innervated with excitatory cholinergic neurons) and the greater curvature (innervated with excitatory cholinergic neurons and nonadrenergic inhibitory neurons) of the guinea pig antrum.

Neurochemical phenotypes of huntingtin-associated protein 1 in reference to secretomotor and vasodilator neurons in the submucosal plexuses of rodent small intestine.

Huntingtin-associated protein 1(HAP1) is an immunohistochemical marker of the stigmoid body (STB). Brain and spinal cord regions with lack of STB/HAP1 immunoreactivity are always neurodegenerative targets, whereas STB/HAP1 abundant regions are usually spared from neurodegeneration. In addition to the brain and spinal cord, HAP1 is abundantly expressed in the excitatory and inhibitory motor neurons in myenteric plexuses of the enteric nervous system (ENS). However, the detailed expression of HAP1 and its neurochemical characterization in submucosal plexuses of ENS are still unknown. In this stu

Длинный вход кортикальных нейронов, содержащих кортикотропиновый гормон.

Рассечение нейронных цепей коры головного мозга имеет важное значение для изучения механизмов, лежащих в основе функции мозга. Здесь, в сочетании с ретроградной системой отслеживания бешенства с флуоресцирующей микрооптической секционной томографией, мы изучили входные на большие расстояния нейроны кортикотропинового гормона, содержащего нейроны в шести основных кортикальных районах, включая префронтальные, соматозные, моторные, слуховые и визуальные кортики. Вся структура распределения входных нейронов в мозгу отличалась от входных нейронов, распространяемых главным образом в прилегающих корт

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Dissection of the neural circuits of the cerebral cortex is essential for studying mechanisms underlying brain function. Herein, combining a … ebrain, immunohistochemical staining showed these cortical areas received afferent information from cholinergic neurons in the substantia innominata and lateral globus pallidus, whereas cholinergic neurons in the diagonal band nucleus projected strongly to the prefrontal and visual cortex. Additionally, dense neurons in the zona incerta and ventral hippocampus were f …

Neurotrophin-3 prevents the death of adult central noradrenergic neurons in vivo.

Neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin-4/5 (NT-4), together with nerve growth factor and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, are members of the neurotrophin family of proteins, which supports the survival of vertebrate neurons. However, no function in vivo has been described for NT-4 and limited information is available on the role of the other neurotrophins in the central nervous system in vivo. Nerve growth factor prevents the degeneration of lesioned septal cholinergic neurons in the adult brain, whereas brain-derived neurotrophic factor prevents the death of developing motor neurons and a s…

Activity-dependent modulation of layer 1 inhibitory neocortical circuits by acetylcholine.

Layer 1 neocortical GABAergic interneurons control the excitability of pyramidal neurons through cell-class-specific direct inhibitory and disynaptic disinhibitory circuitry. The engagement of layer 1 inhibitory circuits during behavior is powerfully controlled by the cholinergic neuromodulatory system. Here we report that acetylcholine (ACh) influences the excitability of layer 1 interneurons in a cell-class and activity-dependent manner. Whole-cell recordings from identified layer 1 interneurons of the rat somatosensory neocortex revealed that brief perisomatic application of ACh excited bot

Suppression of nicotinic synaptic transmission by adenosine in myenteric ganglia of the guinea-pig gastric antrum.

Conventional intracellular recording techniques were used to investigate actions of adenosine on nicotinic cholinergic transmission in myenteric neurons of the gastric antrum. Adenosine or the more potent derivatives, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), 5'-N-cyclopropylcarboxamidoadenosine, 1-deaza-2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine or N6-cyclopentyladenosine reversibly and dose dependently inhibited the fast excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fast EPSPs) in 60% of the gastric neurons. Neither adenosine nor NECA affected excitatory responses to the nicotinic agonist 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenyl-pip

A genetic screen for suppressors of neuron degeneration in a C. elegans sod-1G85R model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

Genetic variants in superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) cause the progressive neurodegenerative disease Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Treatments for this disease are limited, and the unique vulnerability of cholinergic and glutamatergic motor neurons to degeneration seen in ALS patients is not clearly understood. Identifying genetic modifiers of neurodegeneration can provide insight into the selective vulnerability of motor neurons in ALS and may accelerate identification of novel therapeutic targets. Here, we describe a forward genetic screen for suppressors of the stress-induced glutamaterg

Cholinergic system changes in Parkinson's disease: emerging therapeutic approaches.

In patients with Parkinson's disease, heterogeneous cholinergic system changes can occur in different brain regions. These changes correlate … nergic system deficits can involve also peripheral organs. Hypercholinergic activity of mesopontine cholinergic neurons in people with isolated rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour disorder, as well as in the hippocampi of cognitively normal patients with Parkinson's disease, suggests early compensation during the prodromal and early stages of Parkinson's disease …

Co-expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase and neuropeptide Y in the sympathetic neurons projecting to the submandibular gland in the sheep.

Sympathetic neurons projecting to the ovine submandibular gland (SMG) from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and middle cervical ganglion (MCG) were identified using retrograde tracing with fluorescent dye (Fast Blue). Antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DbetaH) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) were used to determine the immunochemical characteristics of SMG-innervating sympathetic neurons. Immunohistochemistry combined with the retrograde tracing revealed that the population of SMG-projecting neurons consist of four distinct sub-populations, but taking into account

Preservation of neurons of the nucleus basalis in subcortical ischemic vascular disease.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate loss of neurons in the nucleus basalis (NB) of Meynert in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular disease (SIV … atter volume in the SIVD or AD groups. CONCLUSIONS: These findings inveigh against primary loss of cholinergic neurons in SIVD patients but do not rule out the possibility of secondary cholinergic deficits due to disruptions of cholinergic projections to cerebral cortex.

Interaction of myenteric neurons and extrinsic nerves in the intestinal inhibitory response induced by mesenteric nerve stimulation.

Effects of the mesenteric nerve stimulation (MNS) on the twitch contraction induced by field stimulation were investigated regarding the relationship between myenteric neurons and extrinsic cholinergic nerves in the guinea-pig mesenteric nerve-ileal preparation. The twitch contraction was inhibited after MNS. The inhibition of the twitch contraction after MNS was induced twice, just after MNS (1st inhibition) and 2-3 min later (2nd inhibition) (type I), or once, just after MNS (1st inhibition) (type II), in recovery course of twitch contraction for 6-8 min. The 1st inhibition was slightly decr

Neuronal and Glial α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: Role in Alzheimer's Disease Pathophysiology.

Cholinergic projections from the basal forebrain to the cortex and hippocampus play a critical role in cognitive functions, many of which rely on signaling through the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR). The Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain is characterized by the profound impairment of the basal forebrain cholinergic system, including alterations in the levels of α7nAChR in various brain areas. In addition, α7nAChR binds with high affinity to beta amyloid (Aβ), suggesting α7nAChR might mediate some of Aβ's effects in the brain. Under normal physiological conditions, the interacti

Apoptosis is secondary to non-apoptotic axonal degeneration in neurons exposed to Abeta in distal axons.

The goal of this study was to assess if neurons exposed to amyloid-beta peptide (Abeta) exclusively in distal axons, undergo apoptosis. This is relevant to the loss of cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Using a three-compartmented culture system for rat sympathetic neurons, we demonstrate that exposure of axons to Abeta1-42 activates an independent destruction program in axons, which leads to nuclear apoptosis. Abeta-induced axonal degeneration does not involve local caspase activation, but causes caspase activation in cell bodies. Accordingly, inhibition of caspase activation blocks …

Histamine-induced, central nervous system-mediated hyperglycemia is suppressed by atropine in the brain.

We investigated the relationship between histamine and muscarinic cholinergic neurons in central nervous system (CNS)-mediated glucose regulation in anesthetized fed rats. The injection of pyrilamine (5 x 10(-7) mol) into the third cerebral ventricle suppressed the hyperglycemia induced by intraventricular injection of histamine (5 x 10(-7) mol). Ranitidine (5 x 10(-7) mol), however, did not suppress this hyperglycemia. The injection of atropine (5 x 10(-9)-5 x 10(-7) mol) into the third cerebral ventricle suppressed the histamine-induced hyperglycemia in a dose-dependent manner. These finding…