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[Prevention of opportunistic infections in HIV seropositive patients. Prevention of parasitic infections].

PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII PNEUMONIA: Below a threshold 200 CD4 cont, the risk of P. carinii infection is sufficiently high to propose systematic prophylaxis. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the treatment of choice for primary and secondary prevention. Pentamidine-isothionate can also be used, possibly with dapsone. TOXOPLASMOSIS: There is a consensus on primary prevention in patients with positive toxoplasmosis serology whose CD4 count is under 100. Trimethoprime-sulfamethoxazole is the first intention drug, but poor tolerance may require conversion to dapsone-pyrimethamine. For secondary prophyla

TIDE Analysis of Cryptosporidium Infections by gp60 Typing Reveals Obscured Mixed Infections.

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease associated with potentially fatal diarrhea. The most used method in Cryptosporidium sub … sis was conducted on archived chromatograms. RESULTS: For Cryptosporidium parvum, 8.6% multistrain infections (13 of 152) obscured by currently used consensus base calling were detected. Importantly, we show that single oocysts can harbor a mixed population of sporozoites. We also identified a striking dominance of unappreciated polymerase stutter artefacts …

[Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: infections that cause urethral discharge].

This article approach infections that cause urethral discharge, theme which is part of the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Ministry of Health of Brazil in 2020. These guidelines were prepared based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with experts. When urethritis is not treated correctly, or when the microorganism develops antimicrobial resistance, it can cause serious and even irreversible health damage. It is noteworthy that the high levels of antimicrobial resistance develop…

[Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections 2020: infections that cause genital ulcers].

Infections that cause genital ulcers are one of the themes comprising the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. The Protocol and Guidelines have been developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article addresses clinical genital ulcer syndrome caused by sexually transmitted infections, and its most common etiological agents: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), herpes simplex virus-2 (genital herpes) and herpes simplex vi…

Brazilian Protocol for Sexually Transmitted Infections, 2020: infections that cause genital ulcers.

Infections that cause genital ulcers are one of the themes comprising the Clinical Protocol and Therapeutic Guidelines for Comprehensive Care for People with Sexually Transmitted Infections, published by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in 2020. The Protocol and Guidelines have been developed based on scientific evidence and validated in discussions with specialists. This article addresses clinical genital ulcer syndrome caused by sexually transmitted infections and its most common etiological agents: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), herpes simplex virus-2 (genital herpes) and herpes simplex vir…

Skin Infections and Outpatient Burn Management: Skin Infections in Patients With Diabetes.

Diabetes is associated with many complications, including foot ulcers. Individuals with diabetes have a 15% to 25% likelihood of developing … ic neuropathy, and poor circulation, patients with diabetes are at increased risk of other types of infections. These include erythrasma, candidiasis, paronychia, onychomycosis, necrotizing fasciitis, Fournier gangrene, otitis externa, and nontuberculous mycobacterial skin infections. A high index of suspicion is required to diagnose these conditions. Patien …

Invasive fungal infections associated with prior respiratory viral infections in immunocompromised hosts.

BACKGROUND: Increased risk of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis after influenza infection has been reported; however data are limited. PURPOSE: To describe Invasive fungal infections (IFI) associated with preceding respiratory viral infection at a large referral center. METHODS: We reviewed all IFI cases among patients with positive influenza and/or RSV nasopharyngeal/lower respiratory tract PCR from October 2015 to December 2016. Cases of pulmonary IFI were classified as possible, probable, and definite based on EORTC-MSG definitions. RESULTS: We identified 8 cases (4 influenza, 4 RSV); 3 w…

Single and multipathogen viral infections in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections.

We aimed to describe the viral etiology of acute respiratory tract infections in children aged 0-8 years admitted to Grigore Alexandrescu Hospital, the largest pediatric hospital in Romania. The patients had clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, bronchiolitis or viral respiratory infections and had been hospitalized between September 2010 and September 2011. The study was part of the "Molecular investigations of acute respiratory infections caused by non-influenza viruses, to assess the implications of infant and young child pathology" (2008-2011), a National Project II--42-164 (MIRVI). We included…

Infections in hemodialysis: a concise review - Part 1: bacteremia and respiratory infections.

Hemodialysis (HD) patients are particularly predisposed to infections. It seems that the HD procedure per se as well as disturbances in both innate and adaptive immunity significantly contribute to this susceptibility. Infections are the major cause of morbidity and the second cause of death following cardiovascular events in HD patients. Episodes of bacteremia and pneumonia account for the majority of severe infections in this population. In addition to these bacterial infections another common problem in HD units is the blood transmitted viral infections, particularly infections caused by he…

Immunotherapy for fungal infections with special emphasis on central nervous system infections.

Opportunistic fungal infections are major causes of morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromized. Fungi have evolved complex and coordinated mechanisms to survive in the environment and the mammalian host. Fungi must adapt to "stressors" in the host, including nutrient scarcity, pH and reactive oxygen and nitrogen intermediates, in addition to evading host immunity. Knowledge of the immunopathogenesis of fungal infections has paved the way to promising strategies for immunotherapy. These include strategies that increase phagocyte number, activate innate host defense pathways in phagocytes …

[Diagnosis of major sexually transmitted infections in the doctor's office: bacterial infections].

Bacterial infections that can be transmitted by sexual contact are usually caused by the following organisms: Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum and Klebsiella granulomatis. These pathogens can be detected with the aid of specific nutrient media, stained microscopic sections and serological and molecular biological methods.

Changing paradigms in parasitic infections: common dermatological helminthic infections and cutaneous myiasis.

Parasitic diseases caused by helminths, or worms, account for billions of human infections worldwide. Although most human pathogens caused by these organisms are infrequent in the United States, skin manifestations of parasitic diseases are being seen much more frequently in dermatologists' offices due to the increase in immigration and travel. Helminths are notable for their complicated lifecycles often including consecutive developmental phases, in separate hosts or in a free-living state. These parasitic organisms are usually macroscopic, multicellular organisms, and do not breed within the…

Viral infections of the CNS with special emphasis on herpes simplex infections.

Within the past decade the management of acute HSV I encephalitis has been improved dramatically by the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a method which has become the gold standard of diagnosis of HSV I encephalitis, replacing diagnostic uncertainties and, avoiding, in particular, invasive brain biopsy. Early detection of HSV II in the neonate is mandatory; however, prevention by Caesarean section and/or prenatal therapy of the mother are for this the best option. Very recently the causative agent of Mollaret's meningitis has proved to be, at least in part, HSV I or II. So far pr

Clinical infections and nonsurgical treatment of parapharyngeal space infections complicating throat infection.

The clinical features and management of eight patients with parapharyngeal space infection who presented with swelling of the neck subsequent to sore throat are described. In four patients the interval between the initial throat symptoms and swelling was 2 days or less, and the disease was rapidly progressive with stridor or a descending mediastinitis. In the other four cases, this interval was longer (4 to 14 days) and the infection was fairly localized. Computed tomography was useful for making the diagnosis, establishing that the infection had spread into other deep neck spaces and the medi

Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. A review of 35 infections in 32 patients.

The authors have reviewed the clinical manifestations and therapy of hydrocephalus shunt infections in 32 patients with a total of 35 shunt infections. These 35 infections accounted for 43 hospital admissions. First infections usually developed within 2 months following surgery. At the time of diagnosis, 89% of patients were febrile. Fever and cough as a symptom complex characterized the initial clinical presentation in six of 19 episodes of infection complicating ventriculoatrial (VA) shunts, as compared with none of 21 episodes in which infection complicated ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts.…

Инфекции энтеровирусов у детей.

Энтровирусы (ЭМ), которые включают в себя множество типов, относятся к числу наиболее распространенных патогенов, вызывающих инфекционные заболевания у детей. ЭМ могут вызывать различные заболевания, включая герпангину, ручные ступни и яичницу, миокардит, пневмонию, менингит, энцефалит и острый ледниковый паралич. Серьезные случаи могут приводить к детской смертности, создавая серьезную угрозу для здоровья детей и здоровья населения. Разнообразие типов ЭМ в сочетании с быстрой вирусной эволюцией и антигенными вариациями создает огромные проблемы для предотвращения ЭМ и борьбы с ними, при этом

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Enteroviruses (EVs), which include numerous types, are among the most common pathogens causing infections in children. EVs can cause diverse diseases, including herpangina, hand-foot-and-mouth disease, myocarditis, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis. Severe cases may result in pediatric mortality, posing substantial threats to c…