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Surveillance data from swimming pool inspections--selected states and counties, United States, May--September 2002.

Swimming is the second most popular exercise activity in the United States, with approximately 360 million annual visits to recreational water venues (1). This exposure increases the potential for the spread of recreational water illnesses (RWIs) (e.g., cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, and shigellosis). Since the 1980s, the number of reported RWI outbreaks has increased steadily (2). Local environmental health programs inspect public and semipublic pools periodically to determine compliance with local and state health regulations. During inspections for regulatory compliance, data pertaining to

Eliminating onchocerciasis as a public health problem: the beginning of the end.

Onchocerciasis is one of the diseases targeted by Vision 2020. It is the world's second leading infectious cause of blindness, responsible for at least one million blind or severely visually disabled people. The Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP) in sub-Saharan Africa will be closed down in 2002, after 27 years of operation. This is the clearest indication that the prospects of eliminating onchocerciasis as a public health problem may be achieved by the end of this decade. The programme's potential now is to serve as a model of global and multiple partnership, to address other poverty rela

Avoiding problems in clinical practice after the pill scare.

The publications of 1995 and 1996 on the risk of venous thrombosis associated with the use of the combined oral contraceptive pill (COC) suggested that the risks were lower than previous estimates. The debate, which ensued, ensured that the safety of the COC with regard to arterial and venous disease was reassessed. This review details the importance of contraception for public health. It reassesses critically current prescribing practice in the light of the new publications on Factor V Leiden, arterial and venous disease. Methods of communicating information about the COC are assessed, and th

A hypertension diet education program for public health nurses.

The Hypertension Diet Education Program was conducted to prepare practical nurses to provide nutritional counseling to a high-risk, hypertensive minority group residing in public housing. The dietary management of hypertension and the use of educationally and culturally relevant teaching strategies were emphasized as means of promoting patient education and dietary compliance for improved blood pressure control. Positive results in both paraprofesional and patient education were achieved. The nurses attained significant test score improvements, and 175 (63 per cent) of the patients counseled o

Чрезвычайная помощь в условиях глобального кризиса в области здравоохранения: эпидемиология, этика и применение Эболы.

ЦЕЛЬ: Связь между этикой и эпидемиологией может остаться незамеченной на современных встречах профессиональных эпидемиологов или стажеров на конференциях и семинарах, а также в процессе преподавания. Наша цель состоит в том, чтобы предоставить читателям информацию о деятельности Колледжа и дать общее представление об одном из последних важных вопросов эпидемиологии. МЕТОДЫ: Комитет по вопросам этики Американского эпидемиологического колледжа (АСЕ) представил пленарное заседание на ежегодном совещании 2015 года в Атланте, ГА, по вопросу о сложности этических норм и эпидемиологии в контексте всп

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
PURPOSE: The link between ethics and epidemiology can go unnoticed in contemporary gatherings of professional epidemiologists or trainees at … TS: Three main topic areas were presented: clinical trials and ethics in public health emergencies, public health practice, and collaborative work. A number of key ethical concepts were highlighted and discussed in relation to Ebola and the ACE Ethics Guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The Ebola virus disease outbreak is an example of a public health humanitarian crisis from whi …

Exploring the epidemiological characteristics of cancers of unknown primary site in an Australian population: implications for research and clinical care.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate incidence, mortality and case survival trends for cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) and consider clinical implications. METHOD: South Australian Cancer Registry data were used to calculate age-standardised incidence and mortality rates from 1977 to 2004. Disease-specific survivals, socio-demographic, histological and secular predictors of CUP, compared with cancers of known primary site, and of CUP histological types, using multivariable logistic regression were investigated. RESULTS: Incidence and mortality rates increased approximately 60% between 1977--80 and

Barriers and enablers of kangaroo mother care practice: a systematic review.

Kangaroo mother care (KMC) is an evidence-based approach to reducing mortality and morbidity in preterm infants. Although KMC is a key intervention package in newborn health initiatives, there is limited systematic information available on the barriers to KMC practice that mothers and other stakeholders face while practicing KMC. This systematic review sought to identify the most frequently reported barriers to KMC practice for mothers, fathers, and health practitioners, as well as the most frequently reported enablers to practice for mothers. We searched nine electronic databases and relevant

The WHO 2025 Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility: A Comprehensive Review with Focus on Male Reproductive Health.

Infertility affects millions worldwide and is increasingly recognized as a major public-health concern. Despite advances in reproductive medicine, the lack of a unified global framework has contributed to substantial heterogeneity in clinical practice, particularly in the evaluation and management of male infertility. In 2025, the World Health Organization (WHO) issued its first comprehensive Guideline for the Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infertility, establishing a global, evidence-based standard applicable across diverse resource settings. Notably, the guideline integrates male re

Decision tree for improving the impact of equity-focused public health service delivery and research.

INTRODUCTION: An equity focus in public health service delivery and research is needed to address persistent health inequities. This requires not only redistribution of health resources and services to prioritised populations, but also attention to the process through which initiatives are selected, designed and implemented, and how these engage with and address the social determinants of health. Applying this in practice can be challenging, and there is limited practical guidance for public health organisations. METHODS: We adapted a decision tree to support equity-focused public health serv

Preparing towards Preventing and Containing an Ebola Virus Disease Outbreak: What Socio-cultural Practices May Affect Containment Efforts in Ghana?

BACKGROUND: Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a condition with high fatality. Though the disease is deadly, taking precautions to reduce contact with infected people and their secretions can prevent cross- infection. In the 2014 EVD outbreak, socio-cultural factors were identified to be responsible for the spread of the disease in the three most affected countries in West Africa. In this light, we undertook this study to identify socio-cultural factors that may influence the prevention and containment of EVD in Ghana and ways to address such practices. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive qualitati

HIV testing in US tuberculosis care settings: a survey of current practice and perceived barriers.

CONTEXT: Extent of and challenges to implementation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2006 recommendation for routine HIV testing have not been reviewed specifically within tuberculosis (TB) care settings. OBJECTIVE: To determine current adherence to the CDC's HIV testing recommendations in TB care settings and identify barriers. DESIGN: An online survey was designed and distributed via Survey Monkey. SETTING: The 2011 National TB Conference attendees, National TB Nurse Controllers, and the CDC's TB-educate mailing list were invited to participate via e-mail. PARTICIP

A collaborative public health approach to clubfoot intervention in 10 low-income and middle-income countries: 2-year outcomes and lessons learnt.

Untreated clubfoot has been acknowledged as a public health problem in low-income countries. In 2007-2009, a 10-country initiative was implemented by a collaboration of nongovernmental organizations and Ministries of Health to establish and strengthen national programmes for management of clubfoot using the Ponseti technique. Independent evaluation used quantitative data on programme outcomes and qualitative data from service providers and users. Overall, 110 clubfoot clinics were established, 634 practitioners were trained and 7705 children were enrolled for treatment. The public health model

Zoonoses and bats: a look from human health viewpoint.

Bats are the most abundant and most widely distributed mammals on the Earth after humans. Except Antarctica and some small remote islands, they are prevalent worldwide. Although the actual role played by bats as reservoir or in disseminating zoonoses is still enigmatic a multitude of zoonotic diseases are known to be associated with bats. Such diseases including viral, bacterial, parasitic, fungal and rickettsial diseases, reported from all over the world including India have been briefed in this article as an informative approach because dramatically increased and diversified human activities

Meningococcal disease: public health burden and control.

Meningococcal disease which is increasing globally is still associated with a high mortality and persistent neurological defects, particularly among infants and young children. Sporadic meningococcal meningitis occurs throughout the world, with seasonal variations, and accounts for 10-40% of endemic bacterial meningitis. Epidemic meningitis occurs in any part of the world but the largest and most frequently recurring epidemics have been in the semi-arid area of sub-Saharan Africa where the current pandemic is associated with attack rates exceeding 500 per 100,000 population and thousands of de

The Role of the COVID-19 Crisis in Shaping Urban Planning for Improved Public Health: A Triangulated Study.

This paper aims to assess the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the link between urban planning practices and public health. A triangulated study was conducted to gain a comprehensive understanding of the topic. The first phase consisted of semi-structured interviews with health and urban planning experts, which were analyzed with the aid of Artificial Intelligence tools. The second phase involved an on-site investigation in the city of Algiers, including a survey, site visits, and a thorough analysis of the master plan for land use and urban planning. The findings emphasize the critical impo

Training in Occupational Medicine: Jurisprudential Malfunctions in the Italian System and European Perspectives.

BACKGROUND: To practice occupational health in Europe, a medical doctor must qualify in occupational medicine. This requires a period of postgraduate specialist medical training lasting a minimum of four years, in conformity with European regulations, to obtain a certificate of completion of training which is then mutually recognized within the entire European Union. DISCUSSION: In 2002 an Italian law allowed doctors specialized in public health medicine and legal/forensic medicine to also practice as consultants in occupational medicine in the country. However a subsequent law in 2008 determ

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INTRODUCTION: In a context characterized by growing vulnerabilities, fragmented trajectories, and overstretched specialized services, mental health now occupies a central place in the field of public health. This article examines the contribution of non-specialized services to public mental health in situations of cumulative vulnerability. METHODS: This article is based on an inductive qualitative study resulting from a collective research process conducted in preparation for a symposium devoted to “working together” in public mental health. A comparative analysis was carr

The Need for Historical Fluency in Pandemic Law and Policy.

The primary claim of this essay is that historical fluency is required for effective work in crafting legal and policy interventions as a part of public health emergency preparedness and response (PHEPR). At a broad level, public health law is explicitly recognized as a key systems-level component of PHEPR practice.1 This essay therefore focuses on the extent to which historical fluency is necessary or at least useful to all aspects of PHEPR that draw on or deploy legal and policy mechanisms (e.g., design, planning, implementation, dissemination, monitoring and evaluation, etc.). The essay col