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Identification of Influenza A/PR/8/34 Donor Viruses Imparting High Hemagglutinin Yields to Candidate Vaccine Viruses in Eggs.

One of the important lessons learned from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic is that a high yield influenza vaccine virus is essential for efficient and timely production of pandemic vaccines in eggs. The current seasonal and pre-pandemic vaccine viruses are generated either by classical reassortment or reverse genetics. Both approaches utilize a high growth virus, generally A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (PR8), as the donor of all or most of the internal genes, and the wild type virus recommended for inclusion in the vaccine to contribute the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes encoding the surface gly…

Inhibitory effect of sulphur-containing purine nucleoside analogues on replication of RNA viruses: selective antiviral activity against influenza viruses.

Four sulphur-containing purine nucleoside analogues: 6MP, 6-thioinosine, 6-methylthioinosine and 6-ethylthioinosine, were examined for antiviral activity against some RNA viruses. All compounds extensively inhibited the replication of influenza viruses but had no inhibitory effect on other RNA viruses: Sendai, RS, vesicular stomatitis and western equine encephalitis viruses.

Oncolytic viruses: advanced strategies in cancer therapy.

Oncolytic viruses (OVs) represent a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, as they selectively infect and lyse tumor cells while simultaneously triggering robust antitumor immune responses. By inducing immunogenic cell death, OVs enhance tumor antigen presentation and initiate a systemic immune response, effectively transforming the tumor microenvironment from an immune-suppressive state to an immune-permissive state. In addition to exerting direct oncolytic effects, OVs modulate key tumor-associated biological processes, including tumor angiogenesis and extracellular matrix remodeling, d…

Molecular Insights into High-Pathogenicity RNA Viruses.

Highly pathogenic RNA viruses, such as Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza, cause severe disease in humans. High mutation rates, which enable RNA viruses to evade immunity and escape antivirals, and their ability to spread from animals to humans and cause pandemics and outbreaks, make RNA viruses significant threats to public health. Diseases caused by Ebola, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza are prevented and treated with only a limited number of approved antiviral drugs, the effectiveness of which is limited by mutations in the viral targets. It is crucial to understand the structural determinants, mol…

Comprehensive Protocols for Detecting Xenotransplantation-Relevant Viruses.

Xenotransplantation using pig cells, tissues, or organs is advancing toward clinical application to address the shortage of human donor organs for treating organ failure. However, this emerging technology carries the risk of transmitting pathogenic porcine microorganisms, particularly viruses. The recent transmission of a porcine herpesvirus to the first human recipient of a pig heart highlights the urgent need for more rigorous screening of donor pigs. To identify potentially pathogenic porcine viruses, highly sensitive and specific detection methods are required. PCR-based techniques able to…

Reverse genetics rescue of sylvatic dengue viruses.

UNLABELLED: There are an unknown number of sylvatic ("sylvan" = "of the forest") dengue viruses currently being sustained by nonhuman primates and mosquitoes in the forests of Africa and Asia. Humans are regularly infected with these viruses, occasionally resulting in small epidemics. One barrier to understanding sylvatic dengue virus biology is the scarcity of stocks available for study. While the full-length genome sequences of 28 sylvatic viruses exist on GenBank, accessible infectious stocks exist for only a handful of these. One way to overcome this obstacle is to rescue infectious virus …

Epidemic Outbreaks Related to Yellow Fever Viruses.

Epidemic outbreaks related to yellow fever viruses, added to the climate of fear resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic, raise a spectrum of concern and need for preparation in different research, epidemiology, and health groups. This question refers to conditions of: molecular analysis of the virus, its dissemination potential, vectors, mutational speed rate, evolutionary potential, and potential damage to individuals and populations.With regard to the yellow fever virus, such questions are even more pressing due to its successful history of colonization in America, originating from regions of …

Antiviral agents and therapeutics against respiratory viruses.

INTRODUCTION: Respiratory viruses are responsible for significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. While vaccines are highly effective at reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with viral infections, this protection is incomplete. It requires a high degree of compliance, which is hindered by vaccine hesitancy. To address these gaps, antiviral agents and therapeutics are crucial in combating diseases caused by respiratory viruses. Antiviral agents are broadly classified into two groups: 1) direct-acting antivirals (DAA) and 2) host-directed antivirals (HDA). AREAS COVERED: This revi…

Polyelectrolyte Complexes from Oppositely Charged Filamentous Viruses.

Here, we present an explorative study on a new type of polyelectrolyte complex made from chemically modified filamentous fd viruses. The fd virus is a semiflexible rod-shaped bacteriophage with a length of 880 nm and a diameter of 6.6 nm, which has been widely used as a well-defined model system of colloidal rods to investigate phase, flow, and other behavior. Here, chemically modified viruses have been prepared to obtain two types with opposite electrical charges in addition to a steric stabilization layer by poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) grafting. The complex formation of stoichiometric mixtur…

Computational Vaccine Design for Poxviridae Family Viruses.

The computational approach to designing vaccines has several useful characteristics over traditional vaccine development, such as being highly specific, less time-consuming and less expensive. Thus, this chapter describes an immunoinformatics workflow to design a vaccine against a member of the Poxviridae family known as Monkeypox virus. The immunoinformatics approach uses several online servers to select highly antigenic and non-allergenic CTL, HTL, and B cell epitopes. Then, it links the predicted epitopes through linkers and submit them for 3D structure modeling. Afterward, the modeled vacc

Immunity debt and unseasonal childhood respiratory viruses.

In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a dramatic shift in the patterns of traditionally seasonal childhood respiratory viruses which may be the result of changes in population immunity.

Distinguishing viruses responsible for influenza-like illness.

The many respiratory viruses that cause influenza-like illness (ILI) are reported and tracked as one entity, defined by the CDC as a group of symptoms that include a fever of 100 degrees Fahrenheit, a cough, and/or a sore throat. In the United States alone, ILI impacts 9-49 million people every year. While tracking ILI as a single clinical syndrome is informative in many respects, the underlying viruses differ in parameters and outbreak properties. Most existing models treat either a single respiratory virus or ILI as a whole. However, there is a need for models capable of comparing several in…

Защита от гигантских вирусов в амебе.

Протесты являются важными регуляторами микробных сообществ и ключевыми компонентами в продовольственных сетях, влияющими на цикличность питательных веществ и функционирование экосистем. В свою очередь, их активность определяется различными внутриклеточными паразитами, включая бактериальные симбионты и вирусы. Тем не менее, взаимодействия бактерий и вирусов в протеистах плохо понимаются. Здесь мы изучали роль бактериальных симбионтов свободно живущих амеб в создании инфекций с нуклеоцитоплазменными крупными вирусами ДНК (Nucleocytoviricota). Для изучения этих взаимодействий в системе, которая т

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Protists are important regulators of microbial communities and key components in food webs with impact on nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning. In turn, their activity is shaped by diverse intracellular parasites, including bacterial symbionts and viruses. Yet, bacteria-virus interactions within protists are poorly understood. Here, we studied the role…

Respiratory Viruses in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients.

Solid organ transplantation is often lifesaving, but does carry an increased risk of infection. Respiratory viral infections are one of the … inidase inhibitors and lower vaccine immunogenicity in the transplant population. Other respiratory viruses, unfortunately, have limited treatments and preventive methods. This review summarizes the epidemiology, clinical manifestations, therapies and preventive measures for clinically significant RNA and DNA respiratory viruses, with the exception of SAR …

Influenza A Viruses: Understanding Human Host Determinants.

Previous influenza A virus (IAV) pandemics have invariably been caused by the introduction of an emergent IAV strain from an animal host into a human population with no or only little pre-existing immunity to the novel strain. Although zoonotic spillover of IAVs into humans can be associated with severe disease and a high fatality rate, these strains are typically poorly adapted to humans and are unable to establish sustained transmission between humans. Given the presumably very high degree of exposure to animal populations with endemic IAV, the number of pandemics remains surprisingly low. I

Ginkgolic acid inhibits fusion of enveloped viruses.

Ginkgolic acids (GA) are alkylphenol constituents of the leaves and fruits of Ginkgo biloba. GA has shown pleiotropic effects in vitro, including: antitumor effects through inhibition of lipogenesis; decreased expression of invasion associated proteins through AMPK activation; and potential rescue of amyloid-β (Aβ) induced synaptic impairment. GA was also reported to have activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Several mechanisms for this activity have been suggested including: SUMOylation inhibition; blocking formation of the E1-SUMO intermediate; inhibition of fatty acid

[Acute Viral Gastroenteritis: Viruses Other Than Norovirus].

Acute Viral Gastroenteritis: Viruses Other Than Norovirus Abstract. Norovirus is the leading cause of acute viral gastroenteritis. Norovirus is highly contagious, thus outbreaks of norovirus in hospitals and long-term care facilities are feared. Usually, stool samples of patients with a potentially viral gastroenteritis are first checked for the presence of norovirus. In recent years, sapovirus and astrovirus were increasingly reported as cause of acute gastroenteritis. Outbreaks of acute viral gastroenteritis caused by sapovirus or astrovirus are hardly distinguishable from those caused by no…

Circular DNA tumor viruses make circular RNAs.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) cause ∼2% of all human cancers. RNase R-resistant RNA sequencing revealed that both gammaherpesviruses encode multiple, uniquely stable, circular RNAs (circRNA). EBV abundantly expressed both exon-only and exon-intron circRNAs from the BamHI A rightward transcript (BART) locus (circBARTs) formed from a spliced BART transcript and excluding the EBV miRNA region. The circBARTs were expressed in all verified EBV latency types, including EBV-positive posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, Burkitt lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcino…

Triatomines: Trypanosomatids, Bacteria, and Viruses Potential Vectors?

Triatominae bugs are the vectors of Chagas disease, a major concern to public health especially in Latin America, where vector-borne Chagas disease has undergone resurgence due mainly to diminished triatomine control in many endemic municipalities. Although the majority of Triatominae species occurs in the Americas, species belonging to the genus Linshcosteus occur in India, and species belonging to the Triatoma rubrofasciata complex have been also identified in Africa, the Middle East, South-East Asia, and in the Western Pacific. Not all of Triatominae species have been found to be infected w

Development of Recombinant Canarypox Viruses Expressing Immunogens.

Canarypox viruses (CNPV) are excellent candidates to develop recombinant vector vaccines due to both their capability to induce protective immune responses and their incompetence to replicate in mammalian cells (safety profile). In addition, CNPV and the derived recombinants can be manipulated under biosafety level 1 conditions. There is no commercially available system to obtain recombinant CNPV; however, the methodology and tools required to develop recombinant vaccinia virus (VV), prototype of the Poxviridae family, can be easily adapted. This chapter provides protocols for the generation, …