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Potential of guggulsterone, a farnesoid X receptor antagonist, in the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Cancer is one of the most dreadful diseases in the world with a mortality of 9.6 million annually. Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment during the last couple of decades, it still remains a serious concern due to the limitations associated with currently available cancer management strategies. Therefore, alternative strategies are highly required to overcome these glitches. The importance of medicinal plants as primary healthcare has been well-known from time immemorial against various human diseases, including cancer. Commiphora wightii that belongs to Burseraceae family is one suc

An overview of multiple myeloma: A monoclonal plasma cell malignancy's diagnosis, management, and treatment modalities.

Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell cancer with high mortality and morbidity rates. Its incidence rate has increased by 143% since 1975. Adipokines, cytokines, chemokines, and genetic variations influence the development and progression of MM. Chromosomal translocations cause mutations associated with MM. The pathogenesis of MM is complicated by novel issues like miRNAs, RANKL, Wnt/DKK1, Wnt, and OPG. Conventional diagnosis methods include bone marrow biopsy, sPEP or uPEP, sIFE and uIFE, and sFLC assay, along with advanced techniques such as FISH, SNPA, and gene expression technologies. A n

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… It has been found that M−protein is produced by plasma cells but cannot leave the cell and enter the extracellular space. Bone marrow contains just 10 % monoclonal plasma cells ( Table 2 ) ( Dutta et al., 2019 ). …

Aging modulation of the immune system and immunotherapy efficacy in cancer.

Immunosenescence is characterized by immune decline and chronic inflammation. With advancing age, the incidence of tumors increases significantly. Understanding how immunosenescence influences the initiation and progression of tumors, as well as its implications for tumor immunotherapy, has become a matter of urgent importance. This review begins with an analysis of the phenotypic changes and underlying mechanisms associated with immune system and immune cell aging, and further explores the interplay between immunosenescence and tumorigenesis. Evidence indicates that cytokines, cell interactio

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… Instead, these cells release necrotic mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA into the extracellular space via exocytosis, perpetuating the immunosenescence cycle ( 28 ). …

Adoptive T-cell therapy for Leukemia.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT) is the most robust form of adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) and has been tremendously effective in the treatment of leukemia. It is one of the original forms of cancer immunotherapy and illustrates that lymphocytes can specifically recognize and eliminate aberrant, malignant cells. However, because of the high morbidity and mortality that is associated with alloSCT including graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), refining the anti-leukemia immunity of alloSCT to target distinct antigens that mediate the graft-versus-leukemia (GvL) effect could transform

Emerging insights into the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and its implications for glioblastoma immunotherapy.

Glioblastoma is considered the most common and lethal form of brain cancer. Despite tremendous progress in glioblastoma therapeutics, the profound intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity of glioblastoma tumors, the difficulty of agents to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the development of drug resistance as well as the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) predominantly account for the failure of existing conventional and targeted therapies. Therefore, there is a growing necessity to decipher the complexity of the TME that promotes immunosuppression and to discover innovative stra

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… In glioblastoma, remodeling, and degrading of the ECM is observed since Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), more specifically MMP-2 and MMP-9, are released into the extracellular space. …

Gene regulation by non-Coding RNAs in infertility: a mechanistic review.

Infertility is a significant global health issue affecting millions of couples, with noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) emerging as pivotal regulators in reproductive biology. This review explores the roles of various ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), PIWI-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs) in male and female infertility. These ncRNAs modulate critical processes such as spermatogenesis, oogenesis, follicular development, and embryo implantation through mechanisms like post-transcriptional regulation, chromatin remode

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… Exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and necrotic debris are examples of extracellular vesicles that are thought to be released into the extracellular space in response to cellular stress. …

Nanotechnology and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment.

Cancer is still one of the leading causes of death worldwide. This great mortality is due to its late diagnosis when the disease is already at advanced stages. Although the efforts made to develop more effective treatments, around 90% of cancer deaths are due to metastasis that confers a systemic character to the disease. Likewise, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are endopeptidases that participate in all the events of the metastatic process. MMPs' augmented concentrations and an increased enzymatic activity have been considered bad prognosis markers of the disease. Therefore, synthetic inhib

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… In this context, MMPs are secreted into the extracellular space, but they have also been identified in mitochondria, cell membranes, nuclei, granules, or cytoplasmic vesicles from neoplastic and non-neoplastic cells ( Gonzalez-Avila et al., 2019 ). …

A Journey through the Inter-Cellular Interactions in the Bone Marrow in Multiple Myeloma: Implications for the Next Generation of Treatments.

Tumors are composed of a plethora of extracellular matrix, tumor and non-tumor cells that form a tumor microenvironment (TME) that nurtures the tumor cells and creates a favorable environment where tumor cells grow and proliferate. In multiple myeloma (MM), the TME is the bone marrow (BM). Non-tumor cells can belong either to the non-hematological compartment that secretes soluble mediators to create a favorable environment for MM cells to grow, or to the immune cell compartment that perform an anti-MM activity in healthy conditions. Indeed, marrow-infiltrating lymphocytes (MILs) are associate

The Bone Marrow Microenvironment Mechanisms in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Bone marrow (BM) is a highly complex tissue that provides important regulatory signals to orchestrate hematopoiesis. Resident and transient cells occupy and interact with some well characterized niches to produce molecular and cellular mechanisms that interfere with differentiation, migration, survival, and proliferation in this microenvironment. The acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the most common and severe hematological neoplasm in adults, arises and develop in the BM. The osteoblastic, vascular, and reticular niches provide surface co-receptors, soluble factors, cytokines, and chemokines that

Clonal hematopoiesis and its progression to myeloid neoplasms: insights into risk, biology, and therapeutic strategies.

Clonal hematopoiesis (CH) is defined by the clonal expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells harboring somatic mutations that confer a fitness advantage. CH is common with advancing age and becomes nearly ubiquitous in middle age. Although typically asymptomatic, CH is associated with an increased risk of hematologic malignancies particularly myeloid neoplasms (MN), diverse non-malignant conditions, and all-cause mortality. Over the past decade, research has provided major insights into the origins of CH. In addition to aging, CH is promoted by environmental exposures, inherited gen

От эмпирического лечения к точному вмешательству: библиометрический анализ нейропсихиатрической системной волшебной системы с использованием нескольких баз данных (Erithematosus)2006-2025).

ЦЕЛЬ: Нейропсихиатрическая системная волчанка (NPSLE) представляет собой серьезное и сложное осложнение системного волчанка, которое влияет на принятие диагностических решений и стратегии лечения. Однако временнóе развитие основанных на фактических данных диагностических и терапевтических парадигм, а также сохраняющиеся клинические узкие места не были в полной мере охарактеризованы. МЕТОДЫ: Мы провели всеобъемлющий библиометрический анализ 1,569 Публикации, связанные с ЯИЭ, взяты из " Web of Science Core Collection " и " Scopus " 2006 и 2025. Кроме того, были включены соотв

Вирусы и "Мозг-отношение к беде".

Неврологические расстройства, некоторые из которых связаны с вирусными инфекциями, растут из-за старения и увеличения численности населения. Несмотря на крепкую защиту центральной нервной системы, некоторые вирусы эволюционировали, чтобы пробить их, что часто приводит к ужасным последствиям. В этом обзоре мы рассказываем о различных способах проникновения различных вирусов в ЦНС и о последствиях таких вторжений. Последствия могут проявляться в виде острых заболеваний, таких, как энцефалит, менингит, или приводить к долгосрочным последствиям, таким, как нервно - мышечная дисфункция, как это име

Astatine-211 based radionuclide therapy: Current clinical trial landscape.

Astatine-211 (211At) has physical properties that make it one of the top candidates for use as a radiation source for alpha particle-based radionuclide therapy, also referred to as targeted alpha therapy (TAT). Here, we summarize the main results of the completed clinical trials, further describe ongoing trials, and discuss future prospects.

Моноклональные антитела: от волшебной пули до точного оружия.

Моноклональные антитела (mAbs) используются для профилактики, обнаружения и лечения широкого спектра неинфекционных и инфекционных заболеваний. За последние несколько лет рынок МП рос экспоненциально, при этом ожидаемый совокупный годовой прирост (CAGR) составил 11.07% от 2024 (В тыс.237.64 млрд. долл. США на конец 2023) к 2033 (В тыс.679.03 млрд. долл. США к концу 2033). С момента появления технологии гибридомы 1975, терапия на базе антител была реализована с использованием муринных антител, которые стали еще более гуманизированными и полностью человеческими антителами, что уменьшило риск имм

Potential Role of Oral Microbiota in Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw in Cancer Patients: A Narrative Review.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is a severe complication frequently observed in cancer patients undergoing antiresorptive therapies, such as bisphosphonates and denosumab. Emerging evidence suggests that dysbiosis of the oral microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of MRONJ. The complex interplay between microbial communities, host immune responses, and the effects of cancer treatments creates an environment conducive to pathogenic colonization, chronic inflammation, and impaired bone healing, which are the key hallmarks of MRONJ. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and

Активировано αβ T и сокращенные инвариантные клетки, связанные с сукозой T, в LGI1- и CASP2-энцефалите.

Антилюциносодержащий глиома неактивирован-1 (LGI1) и антиконтактный протеин-2 (CASPR2) аутоиммунный энцефалит (AIE) часто встречается и характеризуется патогенными антителами, направленными против нейронных автоантигенов. Однако движущие силы ячеек антителной секретности и участие клеток Т остаются нерешенными. Мы провели одноклеточную рентгеновскую последовательность свежих CSF и параллельные пробы крови 15 пациентов с LGI1-AIE (n = 9) и CACPR2-AIE (n = 6) по сравнению с пациентами-контролями [многократный склероз (n = 15) и идиопатическая внутричерепная гипертония (n = 18)]. Мы подтвердили н

Биомаркеры крови отражают патологию мозга - от общих земель до редких границ.

Понимание патологических изменений в мозге имеет важное значение для принятия решений о лечении травм мозга и заболеваний. Несмотря на значительные достижения в методах сканирования мозга, клиническая практика по-прежнему сталкивается с проблемами из-за зависимости от инфраструктуры и высоких потребностей в ресурсах. В ходе этого обзора изучаются нынешние знания о биомаркерах на основе крови, которые указывают на патологию мозга, которая может помочь в идентификации пациентов, подверженных риску, диагностике пациентов, прогнозировании прогрессии заболеваний и лечении. Мы сосредоточимся на унас

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… Despite the advantage of CSF being close to the brain extracellular space and, thus, containing high concentrations of CNS‐derived proteins, assessing biomarkers in the CSF requires an invasive and painful lumbar puncture procedure. …

Role of Actinomyces spp. and related organisms in the development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ): Clinical evidence based on a case series.

Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is an increasingly common consequence of antiresorptive treatment, which often leads to the development of necrotic exposed bone surfaces with inflammatory processes affecting the jawbone. Although the development of MRONJ is often associated with the inflammatory response or infections caused by the colonizing members of the oral microbiota, the exact pathogenesis of MRONJ is still not fully understood. In the present paper, we aimed to provide additional, microbiological culture-supported evidence, supporting the "infection hypothesis" that

Advanced multifunctional thermo- and electro-stimulative hydrogels for bone regeneration.

Bone defects caused by trauma, infection, tumors, osteoporosis, and diabetes disrupt skeletal integrity and impair regeneration. The healing process involves inflammatory hematoma formation, callus development, and remodeling, coordinated by diverse cells and signaling pathways. Conventional grafts and inorganic implants are limited by donor scarcity, immune rejection, and low bioactivity, necessitating more effective repair strategies. Recently, multifunctional smart hydrogels have emerged as a frontier in bone regeneration due to their biocompatibility, tunable structure, and ability to inte

Dynamic Evolution of the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Malignant Tumors and Emerging Therapeutic Paradigms.

Cancer is more than just a collection of tumor cells. The complex tumor system, including the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), is continually changing. Tumor cells are in constant communication with all stromal elements (e.g., fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and extracellular matrix) and immune effector cells (e.g., T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells). Together, these intricate interactions among cell and molecular signaling pathways collectively drive tumor growth, tumor invasion, and metastasis and significantly aff