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Эпигенетика и метаболическая метаболическая дисфункция при многоразовом склерозе: обзор подходов к травяным лекарствам и текущих клинических испытаний.

Множественный склероз (MS) — сложная аутоиммунная болезнь, характеризующаяся воспалением, обезвоживанием и нейродегенерацией в центральной нервной системе (КНС). Хотя точные причины остаются неясными, недавние исследования подчеркивают важную роль эпигенетических изменений и митохондриальной дисфункции в начале и развитии болезни. Эпигенетические изменения, такие, как метилация ДНК, модификация гистона и регулирование микроРНК, влияют на генное выражение, не изменяя последовательности ДНК, что приводит к иммунной дисрегуляции и воспалению. Аналогичным образом, митохондриальная дисфункция, отме

Von Hippel-Lindau Disease: Current Challenges and Future Prospects.

Understanding of molecular mechanisms of tumor growth has an increasing impact on the development of diagnostics and targeted therapy of human neoplasia. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on molecular mechanisms and their clinical implications in von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. This autosomal dominant tumor syndrome usually manifests in young adulthood and predisposes affected patients to the development of benign and malignant tumors of different organ systems mainly including the nervous system and internal organs. A consequent screening and timely preventive treatment of l

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… Three patients had adverse events that necessitated treatment withdrawal; such as retinal detachment after laser treatment, retinal detachment caused by exudation, and progressive macular edema. … Treatment of von Hippel-Lindau retinal hemangioblastoma by the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibitor SU5416 is more effective for associated macular edema than for hemangioblastomas. Am J Ophthalmol . 2003;136(1):194–196. doi: 10.1016/S0002-9394(03)00101-6 164. Madhusudan S, et al. …

The Effect of a High-Fat Meal on the Pharmacokinetics of Ixazomib, an Oral Proteasome Inhibitor, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors or Lymphoma.

Ixazomib is the first oral proteasome inhibitor to be investigated in the clinic. This clinical study assessed whether the pharmacokinetics of ixazomib would be altered if administered after a high-calorie, high-fat meal. In a 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover study design, adult patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma received a 4-mg oral dose of ixazomib as immediate-release capsules on day 1 without food (fasted, administered following an overnight fast) or with food (fed, following consumption of a high-calorie, high-fat meal), followed by another dose on day 15 in the alternate food

Micro- and Macrovascular Complications in Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Indians: Prevalence and Predictors in a Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.

Introductionand Aims: The prevalence of T2DM is rising among young people, placing them at greater risk for complications. We studied the prevalence and predictors of micro- and macrovascular complications in early-onset diabetes subjects (EOD, MethodsA total of 800 subjects (400 EOD, 400 LOD), matched for gender and diabetes duration, were prospectively recruited and assessed for the prevalence of peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, and ASCVD. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed predictors of diabetes complications.ResultsThe median age at diagnosis of diabetes was 35 years

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… Severity of retinopathy and macular edema was determined using the International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema Disease Severity Scale (referred to hereafter as the International Classification) ( 24 ). … Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology 2003. 110 1677–1682. ( 10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00475-5) 25. …

Primary Orbital Lymphoma Manifesting as Increased Intraocular Pressure: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND Lymphoma can involve any orbital soft tissue (excluding bone) and may mimic other orbital diseases, often leading to misdiagnosis. Early diagnosis improves both disease management and patient survival. This rare case provides insights into the early diagnosis and treatment of orbital lymphoma. CASE REPORT An 87-year-old Asian man presented with sudden swelling of the left eyelid, vision loss, and severe pain. His intraocular pressure increased, and vision eventually deteriorated to no light perception. Biopsy of the orbital mass revealed small cell malignancy. Immunohistochemistry s

Выбрать первоначальную терапию MS; факторы личного характера, болезни и лекарственные средства.

Инициирование болезни, изменяющей терапию у пациента с недавно поставленным диагнозом повторного склероза, в настоящее время предоставляет наилучшую возможность повлиять на их последующий курс лечения. В этой статье рассматриваются личные факторы, характеристики представления заболеваний и данные о текущих заболеваниях, изменяющих терапию, с точки зрения выбора первоначального лечения в этой среде. Хотя показатели для прогнозирования на индивидуальном уровне остаются ненадежными, особенно для тех, кто имеет мягкие представления, имеющиеся в настоящее время данные об относительной эффективности

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… Rarely the agent can cause macular edema, and pretreatment screening, and post treatment ophthalmologic evaluation are required. The risk of macular edema is increased in people with diabetes and patients with a history of uveitis, requiring regular ophthalmologic monitoring [ 99 ]. … Risks of macular edema are reduced but not eliminated with these agents. Other adverse effects overlap with fingolimod, with some additional considerations noted below. Siponimod and ozanimod selectively target S1P-1 and S1P-5 receptors. …

Ocular Surface Side Effects of Novel Anticancer Drugs.

Surgery, anticancer drugs (chemotherapy, hormonal medicines, and targeted treatments), and/or radiation are common treatment strategies for neoplastic diseases. Anticancer drugs eliminate malignant cells through the inhibition of specific pathways that contribute to the formation and development of cancer. Given the ability of such pharmacological medications to combat cancerous cells, their role in the management of neoplastic diseases has become essential. However, these drugs may also lead to undesirable systemic and ocular adverse effects due to cyto/neuro-toxicity and inflammatory reactio

Scaling the side effects: A case of apalutamide-induced ichthyosis.

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Developing high-concentration monoclonal antibody formulations for subcutaneous administration to improve patient treatment.

The transition of immunotherapy administration from intravenous infusion to subcutaneous (SC) administration of monoclonal antibody formulations for oncology patients has garnered significant interest. SC administration offers multiple benefits, including potential for at-home administration, enhanced patient compliance, reduced hospital congestion, lowered health care costs, and improved sustainability by reducing drug wastage and minimizing environmental impact. However, for many biologics, the shift to SC administration requires the development of high-concentration monoclonal antibody prod

Ocular toxicity associated with antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: a comprehensive review.

Ocular toxicity from anti-cancer drugs is frequently overlooked, largely because it is non-life-threatening, whereas clinical priorities often center on adverse events that pose immediate risks to survival. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as an important therapeutic modality in oncology, offering potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells through the targeted delivery of payloads. However, this potency also introduces a spectrum of toxicities, among which ocular toxicity has gained increasing attention. ADC-induced ocular toxicity can impair visual function and significantly compromi

Prevalence of corneal findings and their interrelation with hematological findings in monoclonal gammopathy.

PURPOSE: To determine prevalence of paraproteinemic keratopathy (PPK) among patients with monoclonal gammopathy (MG). To evaluate interrelation between corneal and hematological parameters in patients with PPK. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (n = 19), smoldering multiple myeloma (n = 5) or multiple myeloma (n = 27) were prospectively included in this study. Best-corrected visual acuity, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, Scheimpflug tomography, in-vivo confocal laser scanning microscopy, optical coherence tomography and complete hematological workup

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… One patient with Waldenstrom’s disease had bilateral macular involvement in form of subfoveal defects of the retinal pigment epithelium with cystoid macular edema and one patient with SMM type IgA λ had macular involvement in form of a focal detachment of the neurosensory retina with secondary choroidal …

Проблемы, связанные с диагностикой и лечением заболевания миелином Олигодендроцитом Гликпротеином противомоскитных заболеваний (МОГАД).

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-сопутствующая антителу болезнь недавно была опознана как явное аутоиммунное расстройство центральной нервной системы. Существует значительная клиническая и радиологическая параллелизма с множественным склерозом и аквапорином-4-IgG-связанным с нейромиелитом расстройствами спектра. Клинический курс изменяется в том смысле, что пациенты могут иметь монофазный или повторный курс, острота заболеваний непредсказуема, и в отличие от других идиопатических аутоиммунных подстрекательских расстройств, не существует гендерных предрасположений и вероятность того, что они

Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUND:: Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness. Research has … able evidence regarding progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or clinically significant macular edema or moderate to severe loss of best-corrected visual acuity did not support a benefit of intervention on blood pressure: estimated RRs and 95% CIs 0.95 (0.83 to 1.09) and 1.06 (0.85 to 1.33), respectively, after 4 to 5 years of follow-up. Findings wi …

Real-world insulin therapy in German type 2 diabetes mellitus patients: patient characteristics, treatment patterns, and insulin dosage.

BackgroundA substantial share of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients receive insulin. However, little is known about the real-world treatment patterns around insulin initiation.MethodsThis was a retrospective claims data analysis. T2DM patients who initiated an insulin therapy between 01/01/2013 and 31/12/2015 were identified in the German AOK PLUS dataset. For validation of results, additional data on a similar T2DM patient population were collected in a Germany-wide medical chart review.ResultsA total of 284,878 T2DM patients were identified. Of these, 27,340 (9.6%) initiated an insulin

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… Supplementary materials Table S1 Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index (aDCSI) Complication Diagnosis aDCSI score Retinopathy Diabetic ophthalmologic disease 1 Background retinopathy 1 Other retinopathy 1 Retinal edema 1 Clinical significant macular edema (CSME) 1 Other retinal disorders 1 Proliferative … Table S1 Adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index (aDCSI) Complication | Diagnosis | aDCSI score Retinopathy | Diabetic ophthalmologic disease | 1 | Background retinopathy | 1 | Other retinopathy | 1 | Retinal edema | 1 | Clinical significant macular edema (CSME) | 1 | Other retinal disorders …

Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic retinopathy is a common complication of diabetes and a leading cause of visual impairment and blindness. Research has e … able evidence regarding progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or clinically significant macular edema or moderate to severe loss of best-corrected visual acuity did not support a benefit of intervention on blood pressure: estimated RRs and 95% CIs 0.95 (0.83 to 1.09) and 1.06 (0.85 to 1.33), respectively, after 4 to 5 years of follow-up. Findings wi …

Молекулярная и клеточная основа физиологических изменений беременности и ее последствий для нейрологовых и офтальмических патологий.

Беременность олицетворяет глубокие неврологические, гормональные и анатомические преобразования в материнском мозге, подготавливая их к уходу и сближению младенцев. Нейроимация свидетельствует о таких структурных изменениях, как сокращение содержания серых веществ и реорганизация белых веществ во время беременности, за которыми следует частичное послеродовое выздоровление. Эти адаптации модернизируются изменяющимися уровнями эстрадиола, прогестерона, пролактина и окситоцина, которые координируют нейропластичность и поведенческий уровень готовности. На молекулярном и клеточном уровнях гормоны б

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… Diabetic Retinopathy Pregnancy is a risk factor for the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR), with additional contributors including diabetes duration, metabolic control, baseline retinopathy severity, hypertension, age of onset, visual acuity, and diabetic macular edema [ 57 , 58 ]. … Increased diabetic macular edema. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder Increased disease activity 1. High placental expression of AQP4; 2. Anti-AQP4 antibody-mediated placental inflammation. 1. Exacerbations of optic neuritis and transverse myelitis; 2. Increased miscarriage risk; 3. …

Cryoglobulinemia Type II: Sustained Remission After B-Cell-Directed Therapy.

BACKGROUND Cryoglobulinemia is a rare disease with a prevalence of <5 cases per 10 000. In many cases there is significant diagnostic delay, leading to years of morbidity. There are no randomized trials on non-infectious type II cryoglobulinemia, and choice of therapy is based on clinical expertise and observational data. Therapy based on the monoclonal anti-CD20 antibody rituximab in combination with glucocorticosteroids is the preferred choice in many centers. This strategy induces clinical remission in two-thirds of patients. However, one-third of the initially-responding patients experienc

Development and Clinical Translation of Approved Gene Therapy Products for Genetic Disorders.

The field of gene therapy is striving more than ever to define a path to the clinic and the market. Twenty gene therapy products have already been approved and over two thousand human gene therapy clinical trials have been reported worldwide. These advances raise great hope to treat devastating rare and inherited diseases as well as incurable illnesses. Understanding of the precise pathomechanisms of diseases as well as the development of efficient and specific gene targeting and delivery tools are revolutionizing the global market. Currently, human cancers and monogenic disorders are indicati

Skin manifestations associated with systemic diseases - Part II.

The skin, by reflecting internal processes, externalizes what happens inside the body in many diseases. Thus, the skin, as an organ, extrapolates its functions of protection, barrier and signals the existence of systemic diseases, expanding the importance of the dermatologist beyond the skin surface. Thus, the dermatologist investigates diagnostic hypotheses for conditions related to all systems and refers patients to the appropriate specialty. Combined with examination by a trained eye, the skin, due to its easy access, is still the ideal place for performing biopsies, which often clarify the

A year in pharmacology: new drugs approved by the US food and drug administration in 2025.

The US Food and Drug Administration approved 45 new drugs and 4 new cellular and gene therapy products in 2025, that is, a total of 49 new medical therapies. Oncology, hematology/immunotherapy, and cardiovascular/respiratory drugs remain most frequent. Among oncology drugs, there is a trend for targeting ever smaller subtypes of malignancies and/or rarer malignancies. Trends over the past 6 years include steady levels of first-in-indication (about 10%), first-in-class (about 38%), and next-in-class (about 51%) approvals. Along with a large share of approvals in orphan indications (> 50%), fast