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Hypoxia within the glioblastoma tumor microenvironment: a master saboteur of novel treatments.

Glioblastoma (GBM) tumors are the most aggressive primary brain tumors in adults that, despite maximum treatment, carry a dismal prognosis. GBM tumors exhibit tissue hypoxia, which promotes tumor aggressiveness and maintenance of glioma stem cells and creates an overall immunosuppressive landscape. This article reviews how hypoxic conditions overlap with inflammatory responses, favoring the proliferation of immunosuppressive cells and inhibiting cytotoxic T cell development. Immunotherapies, including vaccines, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and CAR-T cell therapy, represent promising avenues f

Hypoxia-driven angiogenesis and metabolic reprogramming in vascular tumors.

Hypoxia is a hallmark of the tumor microenvironment (TME), and it plays a crucial role in the occurrence and progression in vascular tumors. Under hypoxic conditions, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α) is stabilized, inducing changes in the expression of various target genes involved in angiogenesis, metabolism, and cell survival. This includes the upregulation of pro-angiogenic factors like VEGF, which promotes the formation of dysfunctional blood vessels, contributing to the worsening of the hypoxic microenvironment. At the same time, hypoxia induces a metabolic shift toward glycolysi

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… Therapeutic approaches include antiviral therapy, local treatments (such as laser therapy or cryotherapy), chemotherapy, and immunotherapy ( Schneider and Dittmer, 2017 ). 2.4 Angiosarcoma AS is a rare and highly aggressive malignant tumor originating from the ECs of blood vessels or lymphatic vessels …

Liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with hematological malignancies.

BACKGROUND: Improvements in antimetabolite drugs have prolonged the survival of patient with hematological malignancies. However, these drugs may have hepatotoxic side effects and may induce acute liver failure, chronic liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, or even hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although liver resection remains a curative option for HCC, its role in HCC with hematological malignancies has never been fully explored. METHODS: A retrospective review of 1725 patients who underwent curative liver resection for newly diagnosed HCC between 1994 and 2016 was conducted. Among these patients, 16

Keyword Index for Volume 88

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Old Player-New Tricks: Non Angiogenic Effects of the VEGF/VEGFR Pathway in Cancer.

Angiogenesis has long been considered to facilitate and sustain cancer growth, making the introduction of anti-angiogenic agents that disrupt the vascular endothelial growth factor/receptor (VEGF/VEGFR) pathway an important milestone at the beginning of the 21st century. Originally research on VEGF signaling focused on its survival and mitogenic effects towards endothelial cells, with moderate so far success of anti-angiogenic therapy. However, VEGF can have multiple effects on additional cell types including immune and tumor cells, by directly influencing and promoting tumor cell survival, pr

Tumor cell plasticity in targeted therapy-induced resistance: mechanisms and new strategies.

Despite the success of targeted therapies in cancer treatment, therapy-induced resistance remains a major obstacle to a complete cure. Tumor cells evade treatments and relapse via phenotypic switching driven by intrinsic or induced cell plasticity. Several reversible mechanisms have been proposed to circumvent tumor cell plasticity, including epigenetic modifications, regulation of transcription factors, activation or suppression of key signaling pathways, as well as modification of the tumor environment. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, tumor cell and cancer stem cell formation also serv

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… Primary tumor cells undergo EMT by losing epithelial traits and acquiring mesenchymal characteristics, which enables tumor cells to migrate and invade into blood or lymphatic vessels. In circulation, tumor cells exhibit a “partial EMT” within the epithelial-mesenchymal spectrum. … Primary tumor cells undergo EMT by losing epithelial traits and acquiring mesenchymal characteristics, which enables tumor cells to migrate and invade into blood or lymphatic vessels. In circulation, tumor cells exhibit a “partial EMT” within the epithelial-mesenchymal spectrum. …

The role of EMT-related lncRNA in the process of triple-negative breast cancer metastasis.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most malignant and fatal subtype of breast cancer, which has characterized by negativity expression of ER, PR, and HER2. Metastasis is the main factor affecting the prognosis of TNBC, and the process of metastasis is related to abnormal activation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Recent studies have shown that long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) plays an important role in regulating the metastasis and invasion of TNBC. Therefore, based on the metastasis-related EMT signaling pathway, great efforts have confirmed that LncRNA is involved in the mol

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… EMT is a dynamic complex biological process in which epithelial cells acquire the mesenchymal phenotype, thereby enabling TNBC epithelial cells to acquire strong migration and invasion capabilities, escape from local neoplasia, enter the blood and lymphatic vessels, and eventually colonize in distant …

[Immunotherapy - The New Era of Oncology].

In the field of immunotherapy, essential progress was achieved over the past years partially demonstrating long lasting therapeutic responses in different tumor entities. A better understanding of the interactions between the tumor and the immune system as well as the integration of immunotherapeutic approaches into clinical routine were the foundations for this development. The different approaches intervene on multiple levels of the immune response and directly or indirectly mount the patient's own immune defense against tumor cells. Immunotherapeutic approaches are represented by cytokine t

Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts: Heterogeneity, Cancer Pathogenesis, and Therapeutic Targets.

Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are functionally diverse stromal regulators that orchestrate tumor progression, metastasis, and therapy resistance through dynamic crosstalk within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recent advances in single-cell multiomics and spatial transcriptomics have identified conserved CAF subtypes with distinct molecular signatures, spatial distributions, and context-dependent roles, highlighting their dual capacity to promote immunosuppression or restrain tumor growth. However, therapeutic strategies struggle to reconcile this functional duality, hindering clinica

Иммунитет в нейромодуляции: исследование нейронных и иммунных путей в расстройствах мозга.

Иммунитет четко регулирует функцию мозга. Она непосредственно участвует в патологических процессах таких нейродегенеративных заболеваний, как болезнь Паркинсона и Альцгеймера, посттравматические заболевания, множественный склероз, травма головного мозга и психические расстройства (большое расстройство организма, серьезное депрессивное расстройство (МДС), расстройства тревожности, расстройства психоза и шизофрения, а также расстройства нервного развития (НРД). Нейромодулирование в настоящее время является одной из ведущих терапевтических стратегий лечения этих расстройств, однако пока мало что

Obesity and Cancer Rehabilitation for Functional Recovery and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Comprehensive Review.

Obesity is a global health challenge with increasing prevalence, and its intricate relationship with cancer has become a critical concern in cancer care. As a result, understanding the multifactorial connections between obesity and breast cancer is imperative for risk stratification, tailored screening, and rehabilitation treatment planning to address long-term survivorship issues. The review follows the SANRA quality criteria and includes an extensive literature search conducted in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus. The biological basis linking obesity and cancer involves complex int

Primary cutaneous lymphomas: diagnosis and treatment.

Primary cutaneous lymphomas (CLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative neoplasms, with lymphatic proliferation limited to the skin with no involvement of lymph nodes, bone marrow or viscera at the diagnosis. Cutaneous lymphomas originate from mature T-lymphocytes (65% of all cases), mature B-lymphocytes (25%) or NK cells. Histopathological evaluation including immunophenotyping of the skin biopsy specimen is the basis of the diagnosis, which must be complemented with a precise staging of the disease and identification of prognostic factors, to allow for the choice of the best treat

Research progress on venous thrombosis development in patients with malignant tumors.

The coexistence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) within patients with cancer, known as cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT), stands as a prominent cause of mortality in this population. Over recent years, the incidence of VTE has demonstrated a steady increase across diverse tumor types, influenced by several factors such as patient management, tumor-specific risks, and treatment-related aspects. Furthermore, mutations in specific genes have been identified as potential contributors to increased CAT occurrence in particular cancer subtypes. We conducted an extensive review encompassing pivotal hi

Dual COX-2/TNF-α Inhibitors as Promising Anti-inflammatory and Cancer Chemopreventive Agents: A Review.

Cyclooxygenases (COX) play a pivotal role in inflammation and are responsible for the production of prostaglandins (PGs). Two types of COXs have been identified as key biological targets for drug design: Constitutive COX-1 and inducible COX-2. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) target COX-1, while selective COX-2 inhibitors are designed for COX-2. These COX isoforms are involved in multiple physiological and pathological pathways throughout the body. Overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) plays a role in COX-2's inflammatory activity. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha can c

Current Trends and Challenges in the Clinical Translation of Nanoparticulate Nanomedicines: Pathways for Translational Development and Commercialization.

The use of nanotechnology in medicine has the potential to have a major impact on human health for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. One particular aspect of the nanomedicine field which has received a great deal of attention is the design and development of nanoparticulate nanomedicines (NNMs) for drug delivery (i.e., drug-containing nanoparticles). NNMs are intended to deliver drugs via various mechanisms: solubilization, passive targeting, active targeting, and triggered release. The NNM approach aims to increase therapeutic efficacy, decrease the therapeutically effecti

Feline infectious peritonitis.

The article discusses feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), an important disease frequently seen in veterinary practice. FIP causes many problems to the veterinarian as it can be difficult to definitively diagnose the disease, as there is no effective treatment, and as prophylactic interventions are not very successful. Although intense research has created a lot of new knowledge about this disease in the last years, there are still many unanswered questions. The objective of this article is to review recent knowledge and to increase understanding of the complex pathogenesis of FIP.

Exosomes and organ-specific metastasis.

The transmission of information between tumor cells and other cell types in the tumor microenvironment plays an important role in tumor metastasis and is critically modulated by exosomes and other mediators. Tumor-derived exosomes can promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, immune escape, formation of the pre-metastatic microenvironment, and transmission of drug-resistant molecules, thereby promoting tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Integrins are important regulatory molecules on exosomes that can locate metastatic cells at the initial stage of metastasis and show good

Circadian clock and cancer.

Circadian rhythms play a critical role in regulating physiological and behavioral processes, such as the sleep-wake cycle, hormone secretion, and metabolism. These rhythms are controlled by endogenous biological clocks, which are synchronized with environmental cues, primarily the light-dark cycle. Notably, disruption or reprogramming of circadian rhythms is closely associated with cancer initiation, progression, and treatment response. At the molecular level, the dysregulation of core clock genes can disturb normal cellular rhythms, leading to aberrant cell proliferation, impaired DNA repair,

Waldenström macroglobulinemia treatment algorithm 2018.

Waldenström macroglobulinemia is often an indolent disorder, and many patients are candidates for observation with careful monitoring. For symptomatic patients, one must distinguish between those patients whose symptoms are related to immunologic manifestations associated with the IgM monoclonal protein and those that have symptoms related to progressive marrow and nodal infiltration with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. In Waldenström macroglobulinemia, the driver for therapy in the majority of patients is progressive anemia, secondary to bone marrow replacement by lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Rece

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