Результаты поиска

Endogenous Lipid Signals in Energy Homeostasis and Fibrosis.

Endogenous bioactive lipids are complex signaling mediators actively involved in a plethora of pathophysiological processes, including energy homeostasis and fibrosis. Energy homeostasis is a stable internal state resulting from a dynamic balance between energy expenditure and storage. Dysregulated energy balance can contribute to fibrosis, exhibiting key metabolic effects on insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, lipid accumulation and metabolism, as well as on energy expenditure, ultimately leading to metabolic disorders. In this context, three major classes of endogenous lipid mediators de…

The effects of SARS-CoV-2 on bone homeostasis.

Accumulating evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 is associated with disruptions in skeletal homeostasis through both direct viral effects on bone-remodeling cells and indirect inflammatory mechanisms, contributing to bone loss and increased skeletal fragility. The maintenance of healthy bone structure depends on the coordinated activities of bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Recent studies demonstrate that differentiated human osteoblasts support productive SARS-CoV-2 infection, whereas MSC and osteoclast precursors undergo abortive infection. These interactions impair ost…

Exercise and phytochemicals as modulators of redox homeostasis in aging.

Reduced resilience to physiological stress, including impaired redox signaling, is a hallmark of aging that contributes to chronic disease risk. The transcription factor Nrf2 is widely considered a master regulator of redox homeostasis. Although exercise is a potent activator of Nrf2 signaling, exercise-induced Nrf2 activation is attenuated with aging. One emerging strategy to restore or potentiate exercise-induced Nrf2 activation in older adults is to combine exercise with phytochemicals known to modulate Nrf2 activity. This review summarizes redox homeostasis and Nrf2 signaling during exerci…

The Integrated Function of the Lateral Hypothalamus in Energy Homeostasis.

The lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) serves as a central integrative hub for the regulation of energy homeostasis and motivational behaviors, including feeding and arousal. Recent advances in single-cell transcriptomics have revealed remarkable molecular heterogeneity within the LHA, identifying more than 30 distinct neuronal subtypes, such as GABAergic (LHAVgat), glutamatergic (LHAVglut2), orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), and leptin receptor-expressing (LHALepr) neurons. These neuronal populations sense peripheral metabolic signals-such as leptin, insulin, and glucose-both directly…

Aromatase as a Central Node in Astrocyte Health and Homeostasis.

Aromatase is well recognized for its role in estrogen synthesis; however, most research to date has focused on neuronal aromatase, leaving its astrocyte-specific functions, such as homeostasis, inflammation, stress adaptation, and metabolic regulation, comparatively underexplored. Given the crucial roles of astrocytes and brain-derived estrogens in maintaining neural health and modulating disease processes, a deeper understanding of how aromatase shape astrocytic function has become increasingly necessary. Yet, attributing these effects solely to astrocytic aromatase is complicated by the para…

The impact of Asic2 deletion on metabolic homeostasis in mice.

Acid-Sensing Ion Channel 2 (Asic2) is expressed in many brain regions, including the hypothalamus, the homeostatic center for hunger-satiety … ic2-/- mice following the HFD. Our findings suggest that Asic2 plays an important role in metabolic homeostasis, possibly through regulation of central pathways involved in energy balance.

Copper homeostasis and cuproptosis: implications for neurodegenerative diseases.

Copper (Cu) is a vital trace element required for sustaining life and is involved in numerous critical metabolic processes within the body. … , and proteotoxic stress, ultimately leading to cell death. Recent studies have revealed that Cu dyshomeostasis and cuproptosis are intricately linked to the pathological progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease (HD), Wilson's dise …

Perturbations of Zinc Homeostasis and Onset of Neuropsychiatric Disorders.

Zinc (Zn2+) is a trace element essential for its catalytic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory roles extending to synaptic signalling in the central nervous system. In this narrative review, we aim to offer the reader evidence linking perturbations of the Zn2+ homeostasis, including deficiency, excess, or transportation anomalies, to neuropsychiatric conditions such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder (MDD), and bipolar disorder (BD). A targeted, uns…

STX4 Is Indispensable for Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial homeostasis is vital for optimal skeletal muscle integrity. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) mechanisms that are essential for maintaining proper functions of mitochondria include mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics and mitophagy. Previously, Syntaxin 4 (STX4), traditionally considered a cell surface protein known for glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, was also identified at the outer mitochondrial membrane. STX4 enrichment was sufficient to reverse Type 2 diabetes-associated mitochondrial damage in skeletal muscle by inactivation of mitochondrial fission. However, …

SLC26A1 directs sulfate homeostasis in health and disease.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Sulfate is essential for the sulfation of proteoglycans to maintain cell function. The mechanisms regulating the 'ins and outs' of systemic sulfate balance remain incompletely understood. SLC26A1 is an anion exchanger expressed in the kidney. It has recently been identified as a key regulator of plasma sulfate homeostasis in humans. This review summarizes current insights into SLC26A1 function and its role in human diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Slc26a1-knockout mouse models exhibit reduced plasma sulfate and abnormal sulfate and oxalate homeostasis, accompanied by augmented su…

Copper homeostasis and pregnancy complications: a comprehensive review.

Pregnancy complications pose challenges for both pregnant women and obstetricians globally, with the pathogenesis of many remaining poorly understood. Recently coined as a mode of cell death, cuproptosis has been proposed but remains largely unexplored. This process involves copper overload, resulting in the accumulation of fatty acylated proteins and subsequent loss of iron-sulfur cluster proteins. This cascade induces proteotoxic stress, leading to cell death. In recent years, studies have indicated a connection between abnormal copper metabolism and several pregnancy-related diseases, inclu

Diuretics: a review of the pharmacology and effects on glucose homeostasis.

Thiazides, thiazide-like and loop diuretics are commonly prescribed to manage hypertension and heart failure. The main mechanism of action of these diuretics involve inhibition of Na+ reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased urine production. While effective, diuretics, particularly hydrochlorothiazide, have been linked to altered glucose metabolism and other metabolic issues. These disruptions in fuel homeostasis are not clearly related to their primary action of fluid management, raising concerns for patients with metabolic syndrome, in which high blood pressure coexists with obesit…

Role of zinc homeostasis in the prevention of prostate diseases.

The prostate gland is the largest accessory sex gland in the male reproductive system, and is recognized for its elevated zinc concentration. Recently, the incidence of prostate diseases has increased, posing a significant threat to the health of men. Increasing evidence suggests that maintaining normal prostate function requires proper zinc homeostasis. Prostate disease can cause changes in the regulation of zinc levels in the prostate. Studies have indicated that patients with prostatitis, prostate enlargement, or prostate cancer experience an imbalance in zinc homeostasis, resulting in chan…

PTPN11 in cartilage development, adult homeostasis, and diseases.

The SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2, also known as PTP2C), encoded by PTPN11, is ubiquitously expressed and has c … abundant but incomplete evidence suggests that SHP2 is crucial for cartilage development and adult homeostasis, during which its expression and activity are tightly regulated transcriptionally and posttranslationally, and by varying sets of functional partners. Fully uncovering SHP2 actions and regulation in chondrocytes is thus fundamental to understanding …

Supersulfides contribute to joint homeostasis and bone regeneration.

The physiological functions of supersulfides, inorganic and organic sulfides with sulfur catenation, have been extensively studied. Their synthesis is mainly mediated by mitochondrial cysteinyl-tRNA synthetase (CARS2) that functions as a principal cysteine persulfide synthase. This study aimed to investigate the role of supersulfides in joint homeostasis and bone regeneration. Using Cars2AINK/+ mutant mice, in which the KIIK motif of CARS2 essential for supersulfide production was replaced with AINK, we evaluated the role of supersulfides in fracture healing and cartilage homeostasis during os…

MAIT and iNKT cells in tissue homeostasis and repair.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) and invariant natural killer T (iNKT) are innate-like T cells, which develop in the thymus through an … pair. In this review, we summarize the current literature on how MAIT and iNKT cells maintain organ homeostasis and contribute to regeneration in vivo, mostly focused on adipose tissue, intestine, lung, liver and skin. Furthermore, we underline TCR- and/or cytokine-dependent mechanisms and potential redundant, non-redundant or even opposing functions.

Lung-Innervating Neurons in Lung Homeostasis and Diseases.

The lung, classically viewed as a gas exchange organ, is increasingly recognized as a dynamic sensory interface that continuously monitors the external environment and communicates with the brain to shape physiology and disease. Vagal sensory neurons provide the predominant afferent innervation of the airways, displaying striking molecular diversity, distinct projection patterns, and specialized terminal morphologies that enable detection of mechanical, chemical, and immune-derived signals. These neurons orchestrate critical homeostatic functions, including breathing regulation, airway protect

Magnesium Homeostasis and Magnesium Transporters in Human Health.

Magnesium (Mg2+) used to be considered only as a passive cation associated with ATP, but this special issue reinforces the idea that Mg2+ has many more roles [...].

Механизмы липидного гомеостаза в Коксиелле, содержащей вакуол.

Coxiella signetii, движущая субстанция человеческой Q лихорадки, является обязательным внутриклеточным бактериальным патогеном, который реплицируется в большом вакуле с мембраной, известном как Coxiella, содержащий вакуол (CCV). CCV — это уникальный фаголизомный вакуол с богатой стеролами мембраной, содержащей хостинг и бактериальные белки. Сама мембрана CCV служит барьером для защиты бактерий от врожденной иммунной реакции носителя, и содержание липидов и белков непосредственно влияет как на световую среду CCV, так и на взаимодействие между CCV и путями незаконного оборота. Хлеостерин CCV име

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of human Q fever, is an obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen that replicates in a large, membran … in CCV formation and maintenance, highlighting the pathogen-driven strategies to modify host lipid homeostasis.

Роль менингеевых лимфатических сосудов в гомеостазе мозга.

Менингеевые лимфатические сосуды (MLVs) образуют важную связующую структуру между мозгом и периферией, которая сливает церебральные метаболиты в цереброспиновую жидкость (CSF) и антигены головного мозга в глубоководные лимфатические узлы шейки матки (dCLNs) для поддержания гомеостазы мозга. Растущие данные свидетельствуют о важности MLV в старении мозга и различных заболеваний центральной нервной системы (КНС), таких, как болезнь Альцгеймера (AD), болезнь Паркинсона (PD), травма мозга (TBI) и множественный склероз (MS). Достижения в области научно-исследовательской техники позволили получить п

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs) form an important bridging structure between the brain and periphery, which drains cerebral metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain antigens to deep cervical lymph nodes (dCLNs), to maintain brain homeostasis. Increasing evidence reveals the importance of MLVs in brain ageing and various central nervous system (C…