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Altered static and dynamic functional connectivity of habenula in first-episode, drug-naïve schizophrenia patients, and their association with symptoms including hallucination and anxiety.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia (SCH) is related to the dysfunction of monoamine neurotransmitters, and the habe … of the first-episode schizophrenia patients presented abnormal static functional connectivity with temporal lobe and angular gyrus, and additionally showed weakened stability of functional connectivity in occipital lobe. This abnormality is closely related to the symptoms of hallucination and anxiety in schizophrenia, which may indicate that the habenula invol …

α4β2* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors drive human temporal glutamate/GABA balance toward inhibition.

Heteromeric nicotinic acetylcholine nAChRs (nAChRs) containing the α4 and β2 subunits (α4β2* nAChRs) modulate neurotransmitter release in several regions of the brain. In temporal lobe epilepsy, inhibitory GABAergic neurotransmission is altered, whereas no evidence of nicotinic dysfunction has been reported. Here, we investigated, in human epileptic cortical tissues, the ability of α4β2* nAChRs to modulate synaptic transmission. An increased expression of α4 and β2 subunits was observed in the temporal cortex of epileptic patients. We then recorded excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic curren…

Alteration in temporal-cerebellar effective connectivity can effectively distinguish stable and progressive mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Stable mild cognitive impairment (sMCI) and progressive mild cognitive impairment (pMCI) represent two distinct subtypes of mild … nction. Of particular significance are the unidirectional EC disruptions from the cerebellum to the temporal lobe, which serve as a discriminating factor between sMCI and pMCI and provide a new perspective for understanding the temporal-cerebellum. These findings offer novel insights into the neural circuit mechanisms involving the temporal-cerebellum connectio …

Single-cell atlas of domestic pig cerebral cortex and hypothalamus.

The brain of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) has drawn considerable attention due to its high similarities to that of humans. However, the cellular compositions of the pig brain (PB) remain elusive. Here we investigated the single-nucleus transcriptomic profiles of five regions of the PB (frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, and hypothalamus) and identified 21 cell subpopulations. The cross-species comparison of mouse and pig hypothalamus revealed the shared and specific gene expression patterns at the single-cell resolution. Furthermore, we identified cell type…

Упражнения вызывают структурные изменения в мозге и повышают уровень ирисина и повышают функциональную эффективность в множестве склероза в ходе экспериментального случайного исследования.

Упражнения могут способствовать нейрозащите при множестве склерозов (MS), но взаимосвязь между изменениями мозга, вызванными упражнениями, высвобождением миокина и функциональными усовершенствованиями не в полной мере понятна. В ходе этого экспериментального выборочного контролируемого испытания были изучены последствия 12-недельной программы обучения прогрессивному сопротивлению (ПРТ) для структуры мозга, уровней ирисина сыворотки и функциональных характеристик, измеряемых с помощью функционального композитного материала MSFC (PRT: *N*=11; контроля: *N*=10). Группа PRT продемонстрировала повы

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Exercise may promote neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis (MS), but the relationships between exercise-induced brain changes, myokine relea … ocessing speed. Neuroimaging revealed volumetric increases in gray matter, cerebellum, hippocampus, temporal lobe, and caudate nucleus following PRT. Compared to controls, the exercise group showed greater improvements in irisin levels, mobility, and regional brain volumes, particularly in gray matter, cerebellum, and temporal and hippocampal regions. Correlati …

Incidence of RINCH in pediatric EMU patients.

RINCH (Rhythmic Ictal Non-Clonic Hand movements), a lateralizing sign in frontotemporal epilepsy, has been well described in the adult epilepsy population but not in the pediatric setting. We looked for evidence of RINCH as an ictal sign in pediatric epilepsy monitoring unit reports in a large academic pediatric hospital. We found nine patients with RINCH ictal phenomenon over a five-year period. We compared the characteristics of their epilepsy to the known data in adult patients. The patient age range was 6-15 years. Five patients had a lesion in the temporal lobe; the remaining four were no…

Evaluation of brain metabolism using F18-FDG PET/CT imaging in patients diagnosed with lung cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Brain imaging of regional metabolic changes in cancer patients can provide insights into cancer biology. We aimed to detect regional metabolic changes in the brains of untreated lung cancer patients without brain metastases using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoroglucose PET/computed tomography. METHODS: The study included 44 lung cancer patients and 17 non-cancer patients as controls. Standardized uptake value (SUV) mean values of 68 different brain regions were recorded, and their ratios to whole brain and brainstem SUVmean were calculated. RESULTS: Comparisons between the groups showed sig

Brain Activation During Processing of Depression Emotion in College Students With Premenstrual Syndrome in China: Preliminary Findings.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the neural substrates of processing depression emotion in premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and healthy subjects of college students using blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-fMRI). METHODS: During BOLD-fMRI scanning, 13 PMS patients and 15 healthy controls (HC) performed a picture visual stimulation task during luteal and follicular phases, in which participants and HC were asked to see pictures containing depression and non-depression emotions. Simultaneously, self-rating depression scales (SDS) were employed to

Abnormal brain functional connectivity coupled with hypoperfusion measured by Resting-State fMRI: An additional contributing factor for cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The contribution of hypoperfusion to abnormal functional connectivity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the potential association between brain perfusion and functional connectivity (FC), and its effects on the cognitive impairment among AD, MCI, and normal controls (NC). One-time acquisition of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was used to study brain perfusion and FC. Compared to the NC, the perfusion in the left temporal lobe showed significantly lower in AD, and bilateral hypoperfusion…

Abnormal Neural Network of Primary Insomnia: Evidence from Spatial Working Memory Task fMRI.

BACKGROUND: Contemporary functional MRI (fMRI) methods can provide a wealth of information about the neural mechanisms associated with prima … on of neural networks related to spatial memory task state in the PI group was observed at the left temporal lobe, left occipital lobe and right frontal lobe. Lower levels of activation were observed in the left parahippocampal gyrus, right parahippocampal gyrus, bilateral temporal cortex, frontal cortex and superior parietal lobule. CONCLUSION: Participants w …

Functional and structural indices of empathy: Evidence for self-orientation as a neuropsychological foundation of empathy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a model that hypothesizes that empathy is associated with decreased right parietal lobe (RPL)-related self-orientation (i.e., increased selflessness), which allows individuals to more easily empathize with others. PARTICIPANTS: Thirty one individuals with documented neuroradiological abnormalities due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) referred for clinical evaluations. MEASURES: Cerebral integrity was measured with both functional (i.e., neuropsychological tests) and structural indices (i.e., MRI). Participants were administered comprehensive neuropsychological tests ass

Neuroanatomical differences between familial and sporadic schizophrenia and their parents: an optimized voxel-based morphometry study.

Symptomatic differences have been reported between patients with familial and sporadic schizophrenia. The present study examined neuroanatom … with controls, both familial and sporadic patients had lower GMD involving bilateral insula, right temporal lobe, right occipital lobe, left lenticular nucleus and right cerebellum. However, only familial patients showed lower GMD than controls in the right thalamus. Compared with controls, only familial parents showed lower GMD in the right insula extending t …

Changes in cerebral cortex of children treated for medulloblastoma.

PURPOSE: Children with medulloblastoma undergo surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. After treatment, these children have numerous struct … ively thinner cortex was found in the parietal lobe, posterior superior temporal gyrus, and lateral temporal lobe. These regions of cortical thinning overlapped with the regions of cortex that undergo normal age-related thinning. CONCLUSION: The spatial distribution of cortical thinning suggested that the areas of cortex that are undergoing development are mor …

FDG-PET findings in the Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome.

This study reports FDG-PET findings in Wernicke-Korsakoff patients. Twelve patients suffering amnesia arising from the Korsakoff syndrome were compared with 10 control subjects without alcohol-related disability. Subjects received [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG-PET) imaging as well as neuropsychological assessment and high-resolution MR imaging with volumetric analysis. Volumetric MRI analysis had revealed thalamic and mamillary body atrophy in the patient group as well as frontal lobe atrophy with relative sparing of medial temporal lobe structures. Differences in regional metabolism were iden…

[A patient with amnesic syndrome with defective route finding due to left posterior cerebral artery territory infarction].

We report a right-handed 67-year-old woman with an infarction in the left posterior cerebral artery territory presenting amnesic syndrome, r … on. SPECT indicated a defect in the left medial occipital lobe and hypoperfusion in the left medial temporal lobe. Cerebral angiography demonstrated stenosis of the left medial occipital artery and occlusion of the left dorsal corpus callosal branches and the left calcarine artery. We conclude that left hippocampus, left parahippocampal gyrus and the left retro …

Dementia of frontal lobe type: neuropathology and immunohistochemistry.

Brains from 12 patients dying with a clinical diagnosis of frontal lobe dementia have been examined at post mortem. In pathological terms four groups were encountered. Groups A and B showed severe frontal and temporal lobe atrophy characterised histologically in group A by severe neuronal loss, spongiform change of the superficial laminae, and mild astrocytosis; in group B severe neuronal loss was accompanied by intense gliosis but with little or no spongiform change. Two patients in this latter group also showed inclusions in frontal cortex and hippocampus typical of "Pick bodies"; such patie…

Overlapping connectivity patterns during semantic processing of abstract and concrete words revealed with multivariate Granger Causality analysis.

. Abstract, unlike concrete, nouns refer to notions beyond our perception. Even though there is no consensus among linguists as to what exac … e window of semantic processing, specifically for information transferred towards the left anterior temporal lobe. Further exploratory analysis confirmed a generally stronger connectivity pattern for processing concrete words. We believe our study could guide future research towards a more refined theory of abstract word processing in the brain.

Functional changes in the human auditory cortex in ageing.

Hearing loss, presbycusis, is one of the most common sensory declines in the ageing population. Presbycusis is characterised by a deteriorat … he stimulus. Both elderly groups showed greater activation in response to acoustical stimuli in the temporal lobes in comparison with young subjects. In addition, activation in the right temporal lobe was more expressed than in the left temporal lobe in both elderly groups, whereas in the young control subjects (YC) leftward lateralization was present. No stati …

Disseminated diffuse midline glioma associated with poorly differentiated orbital lesion and metastases in an 8-year-old girl: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Disseminated diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a devastating diagnosis. Molecular subtyping has increased our understanding of this tumor. CASE: Here, we report the case of an 8-year-old girl who presented with symptoms of brainstem dysfunction and was found to have disseminated DMG with lesions in the pons, thalamus and bilateral temporal lobes. Molecular subtyping of the temporal lobe tumor tissue was consistent with H3 K27me3 loss and EZHIP overexpression, falling under the newly designated "H3 K27-altered" AQ5WHO subtype of DMG. Pathology from biopsy of the orbital lesion showed…

Beam orientation optimization for coherent X-ray scattering from distributed deep targets.

BACKGROUND: Amyloid deposits in the temporal and frontal lobes in patients with Alzheimer's disease make them potential targets to aid in early diagnosis. Recently, spectral small-angle X-ray scattering techniques have been proposed for interrogating deep targets such as amyloid plaques. RESULTS: We describe an optimization approach for the orientation of beams for deep target characterization. The model predicts the main features of scattering profiles from targets with varying shape, size and location. We found that increasing target size introduced additional smearing due to location uncer