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Promoter sequences of the putative Anopheles gambiae apyrase confer salivary gland expression in Drosophila melanogaster.

The saliva of blood-feeding arthropods contains an apyrase that facilitates hematophagy by inhibiting the ADP-induced aggregation of the host platelets. We report here the isolation of a salivary gland-specific cDNA encoding a secreted protein that likely represents the Anopheles gambiae apyrase. We describe also two additional members of the apyrase/5'-nucleotidase family. The cDNA corresponding to the AgApyL1 gene encodes a secreted protein that is closely related in sequence to the apyrase of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, and whose expression appears enriched in, but not restric…

Mitochondrial and ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) diversity of the African malaria vector Anopheles funestus.

The pattern of sequence variation in the mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b gene (cyt-b) and ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) was examined in Anopheles funestus from Senegal and Burkina Faso in West Africa and Kenya in East Africa. From both West African countries, samples included individuals hypothesized to represent reproductively isolated taxa based upon different karyotypes and behaviours. Analysis of the cyt-b data revealed high haplotypic diversity (86%) and an average pairwise difference per site of 0.42%. Sequence variation was not partitioned by geographical origin or k…

Облегчение передачи вируса лихорадки Рифт-Вэлли Plasmodium bergei sporozoites в Anopheles stephensi комаров.

Некоторые виды комаров подвержены вирусной инфекции, но не могут передать вирус из-за слюнной железы. Мы предположили, что такие виды могут передавать вирус, если комар заразится как вирусом, так и паразитами малярии. Малярийные сорозоиты нарушают целостность слюнных желез комаров и тем самым могут уничтожать слюнные железные барьеры для вирусной передачи. Для изучения этого постулата использовались модельная система вируса лихорадки Рифт-Вэлли (RVF) и грызунового паразита Plasmodium bergei в анофелях stephensi комаров. Были сопоставлены коэффициенты передачи вирусных вирусных анофолинов, кото

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Certain mosquito species are susceptible to viral infection but cannot transmit the virus due to a salivary gland barrier. We hypothesized t … te, the model system of Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus and a rodent parasite, Plasmodium berghei, in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes was used. Viral transmission rates for RVF virus-inoculated anophelines that were previously fed either gametocytemic blood (malaria-infected) or normal blood (control) were compared. Viral transmission rates for anophelines hav …

Salivary gland microbiome of Anopheles gambiae: a mini-review of acquisition, composition, and functional significance.

The salivary gland (SG) is the final barrier for Plasmodium transmission to humans but remains comparatively understudied relative to the midgut microbiome. This review synthesizes current knowledge on SG microbiome acquisition routes, composition, and functional significance. Acquisition may occur via larval filter feeding, vertical (egg smearing), transstadial, or horizontal transmission during blood feeding, though their relative contributions are unknown. Compositional studies show Gram-negative genera Serratia, Elizabethkingia, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Asaia predominate; Plasmodium

Effects of a bloodless diet on fitness and malaria susceptibility in Anopheles mosquitoes from Burkina Faso.

Emerging resistance in malaria vectors and parasites has accelerated the development of novel control strategies such as the Sterile Insect Technique and Wolbachia-based approaches, which require large-scale mosquito rearing. These methods traditionally rely on vertebrate Blood, raising ethical and logistical concerns. This study evaluated the effects of a BLOODless™ on wing size, longevity, and Plasmodium falciparum susceptibility in Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae from Burkina Faso, and the Kisumu An. gambiae strain. Blood and Bloodless-reared mosquitoes were compared across seven generat…

Daily pattern of oviposition and fecundity in Anopheles pseudopunctipennis Theobald, the main vector of malaria in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Anopheles pseudopunctipennis is the primary malaria vector in Mexico and is widely distributed nationwide. Understanding its developmental biology is crucial for interrupting malaria transmission. METHODS: This study was conducted in Tapachula, Chiapas, a city located in southeastern Mexico. Oviposition and fecundity patterns were determined in nulliparous and parous females, individually and in groups, under insectary and semi-field conditions. RESULTS: Regardless of whether they were grouped or individual, insectary-reared or field-collected, mosquito females exhibited a primar…

Molecular detection and maternal transmission of Microsporidia MB in the field-caught Anopheles coluzzii in Cameroon.

Recent discoveries of Microsporidia MB in Anopheles mosquitoes and its demonstrated capacity to block malaria transmission suggest that it could be a promising candidate for a symbiont-based malaria control strategy. However, the diversity of Microsporidia MB, particularly in major malaria vector such as An. coluzzii, remains unstudied in Cameroon. In this study, we investigated the prevalence and phylogenetic analysis of Microsporidia MB, along with its maternal transmission in natural populations of Anopheles mosquitoes in Cameroon. An entomological survey was conducted across four localitie…

Mechanism of metabolic resistance in Anopheles coluzzii to insecticides in two urban areas of southern Benin.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a disease transmitted by the Anopheles gambiae complex, represented mainly in Benin by the sister species An. coluzzii and An. gambiae sensu stricto. Intensive vector control interventions have selected physiological, behavioural and biochemical adaptation mechanisms in these populations of An. vectors. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the metabolic resistance of An. coluzzii to insecticides in two urban areas in southern Benin. METHODS: Larvae and pupae of An. gambiae s.l. and were collected in the municipalities of Cotonou and Porto-Novo between May an…

Molecular Identification of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) Species in Native Communities of a Northeastern Region of Peru.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a severe health problem in native communities of Condorcanqui in the Amazonas region of Peru. Recently, the number of malaria cases has increased considerably following a Plasmodium falciparum outbreak in 2019. However, there is no information on the anophelines acting as Plasmodium vectors in this area. This study aimed to identify Anopheles species circulating in previously unexplored native communities of Condorcanqui. Additionally, we sought to detect the presence of DNA from P. vivax and P. falciparum parasites in mosquitoes. METHODS: During three exploratory visit…

Genetic control strategies for population suppression in the Anopheles gambiae complex: a review of current technologies.

Malaria continues to pose a critical public health threat, with mosquitoes from the Anopheles gambiae complex acting as the main vectors of the disease in sub-Saharan Africa, where approximately 95% of malaria-related deaths occur. Despite significant advancements in vector control, such as insecticide-treated bed nets and indoor spraying, the effectiveness of these interventions is increasingly compromised by various challenges, including rising levels of insecticide and pathogen resistance, mosquito behavioural adaptations, and persistent funding gaps. In this context, genetic vector control…

Transmission indices of malaria in Anopheles mosquitoes in an agrarian community adjourning Osogbo, Southwestern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Mosquitoes transmit malaria and other infectious diseases. A thorough understanding of the dynamics, biting behavior, and infectiousness of Anopheles vector sporozoites is required to calculate transmission indices and develop effective control tactics. The goal of this study was to identify the mosquito species in a rural settlement near the Osogbo city in southwestern Nigeria, as well as their sources of blood meals and the rate at which sporozoites are formed. METHODS: From June to December 2021, 23 homes in the community were chosen at random to catch adult mosquito…

Impact of environmental factors on the bionomics of Anopheles mosquito vectors of zoonotic malaria: A narrative review.

The increasing burden of non-human primates (NHP) malaria, driven primarily by Plasmodium knowlesi, poses a growing public health threat in … heast Asia, highlighting the crucial role of environmental determinants in shaping the bionomics of Anopheles mosquito vectors. Key environmental factors, such as temperature fluctuations, relative humidity, elevation, precipitation patterns, seasonality, and land use, play a pivotal role in shaping vector abundance and survival, ultimately influencing the …

Phenotypic variation and vector competence in Anopheles aquasalis: A comparative analysis of susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax.

Malaria remains a major public health problem worldwide, with Plasmodium vivax being the predominant species in the Americas. Anopheles aquasalis is an important malaria vector in coastal Central and South America and the Caribbean Islands and exhibits distinct phenotypic variations-30BS (30 % black scales) and 50BS (50 % black scales). However, the influence of these phenotypes on P. vivax vector competence has not been systematically investigated. Laboratory-reared 30BS and 50BS An. aquasalis phenotypes were infected with blood from P. vivax-infected patients in Manaus, Brazil. Five independ…

Pyrethroid Resistance in Anopheles gambiae s.l.: A Focus on Permethrin and Deltamethrin for Malaria Vector Control.

BACKGROUND: Malaria remains a major public health concern, and sub-Saharan Africa accounts for a significant proportion of global cases. A key challenge in malaria control is the increasing resistance of malaria vectors to commonly used insecticides, particularly pyrethroids. This study assessed the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae s.l. to permethrin and deltamethrin in Zuba, located in the Gwagwalada Area Council of Abuja, Nigeria. METHODS: Mosquito larvae were collected in June 2024 and reared under controlled insectary conditions until adulthood. Adult mosquitoes were then tested using …

Insecticide tolerance of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae following larval exposure to microplastics and insecticide.

Microplastic (MP) pollution poses a global threat to urban and rural environments and can have negative effects on a range of organisms. Mosquito larvae often breed in water contaminated with MPs, and given their important role as disease vectors, understanding the effects of larval exposure to MPs is critical for understanding the potential impact on their life history traits and subsequent methods for their control. Here, we have exposed first instar larvae of Anopheles gambiae s.s. to environmentally realistic concentrations of PET microplastics (1.0-7.5 μm) and a sub-lethal dose of insecti…

Development of circulating isolates of Plasmodium falciparum is accelerated in Anopheles vectors with reduced reproductive output.

Anopheles gambiae and its sibling species Anopheles coluzzii are the most efficient vectors of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. When females of these species feed on an infected human host, oogenesis and parasite development proceed concurrently, but interactions between these processes are not fully understood. Using multiple natural P. falciparum isolates from Burkina Faso, we show that in both vectors, impairing steroid hormone signaling to disrupt oogenesis leads to accelerated oocyst growth and in a manner that appears to depend on both parasite and mosquito genotype. Consisten…

Dihydroartemisinin suppresses the susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to Plasmodium yoelii by activating the Toll signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a serious public health concern. Artemisinin and its derivatives are first-line drugs for the treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. In mammals, artemisinin exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory properties. However, it is unclear whether artemisinin plays a regulatory role in the innate immunity of mosquitoes, thereby affecting the development of Plasmodium in Anopheles when artemisinin and its metabolites enter mosquitoes. This study aims to determine the effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a first-generation semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin…

[Species and population density of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the distribution of malaria vector Anopheles in Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021, so as to provide the scientific evidence for improving the surveillance of malaria vector Anopheles and preventing re-establishment of imported malaria in Sichuan Province. METHODS: The density and species of Anopheles mosquitoes were investigated using human-bait trapping and light trapping techniques in malaria vector surveillance sites of Sichuan Province from 2011 to 2021. The number, population and density of captured Anopheles mosquitoes were collected and descriptively analyzed…

Identification of natural inhibitors targeting trehalase of Anopheles funestus in the management of malaria: A Biocomputational assessment.

BACKGROUND OBJECTIVES: Anopheles funestus is playing an increasingly important role in malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Trehalase, an enzyme required for trehalose breakdown, is important for mosquito flight and stress adaptation. Hence, its inhibition has emerged as a promising malaria management strategy. METHODS: A collection of 1900 natural compounds from the ZINC database were screened against the 3D modeled structure of An. funestus trehalase protein using in silico tools. ADMET-AI, a web-based platform, was used to predict the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion,…

Temporal evolution of insecticide resistance and bionomics in Anopheles funestus, a key malaria vector in Uganda.

Insecticide resistance escalation is decreasing the efficacy of vector control tools. Monitoring vector resistance is paramount in order to understand its evolution and devise effective counter-solutions. In this study, we monitored insecticide resistance patterns, vector population bionomics and genetic variants associated with resistance over 3 years from 2021 to 2023 in Uganda. Anopheles funestus s.s was the predominant species in Mayuge but with evidence of hybridization with other species of the An. funestus group. Sporozoite infection rates were relatively very high with a peak of 20.41%…