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A yellow flag on the horizon: The looming threat of yellow fever to North America.

Yellow fever virus historically was a frequent threat to American and European coasts. Medical milestones such as the discovery of mosquitoes as vectors and subsequently an effective vaccine significantly reduced its incidence, in spite of which, thousands of cases of this deathly disease still occur regularly in Sub-Saharan Africa and the Amazonian basin in South America, which are usually not reported. An urban outbreak in Angola, consecutive years of increasing incidence near major Brazilian cities, and imported cases in China, South America and Europe, have brought this virus back to the g…

Yellow fever in Asia-a risk analysis.

BACKGROUND: There is concern about the risk of yellow fever (YF) establishment in Asia, owing to rising numbers of urban outbreaks in endemic countries and globalisation. Following an outbreak in Angola in 2016, YF cases were introduced into China. Prior to this, YF had never been recorded in Asia, despite climatic suitability and the presence of mosquitoes. An outbreak in Asia could result in widespread fatalities and huge economic impact. Therefore, quantifying the potential risk of YF outbreaks in Asia is a public health priority. METHODS: Using international flight data and YF incidence e…

The Present and Future of Yellow Fever Vaccines.

The disease yellow fever (YF) is prevented by a live-attenuated vaccine, termed 17D, which has been in use since the 1930s. One dose of the vaccine is thought to give lifelong (35+ years) protective immunity, and neutralizing antibodies are the correlate of protection. Despite being a vaccine-preventable disease, YF remains a major public health burden, causing an estimated 109,000 severe infections and 51,000 deaths annually. There are issues of supply and demand for the vaccine, and outbreaks in 2016 and 2018 resulted in fractional dosing of the vaccine to meet demand. The World Health Organ…

Prevention of yellow fever in travellers: an update.

For centuries, yellow fever virus infection generated substantial fear among explorers, tourist travellers, workers, military personnel, and others entering areas of transmission. Currently, there is transmission only in some areas of tropical South America and sub-Saharan Africa. When symptomatic, yellow fever infection causes severe liver dysfunction and coagulopathy with elevated mortality rates. Since there is no effective treatment, vaccination against yellow fever, available since 1937, represents an important preventive intervention in endemic areas. Every year, an increasing number of …

[Yellow fever is still a current threat ?].

Yellow fever is still a current threat? Yellow fever is a mosquito-borne disease. Africa is the major endemic zone, although there have been epidemics of concern in South America in the last 3 years, especially in Brazil. The virus causes a febrile hepatitis, which can lead to hemorrhagic complications and death. Diagnosis is based on non-specific serological tests. There is no curative treatment. Prevention relies on protection against mosquito bites and on vaccination with a live attenuated vaccine. WHO recommends only one dose of vaccine but data from the literature about life-long protecti…

[Yellow fever in Brazil: the importance of vaccination].

BACKGROUND: Since 2016 outbreaks of yellow fever are reported in Brazil. This is a risk to unvaccinated travellers in that area. CASE DESCRIPTION: In early January, an unvaccinated traveller returning from São Paulo attended our outpatient clinic complaining of symptoms later diagnosed as yellow fever. The disease manifested itself as fever, lower back pain, nausea and highly elevated liver enzymes. A yellow fever infection has multiple stages. The first stage is acute infection which merges into the second stage which is when improvement occurs. Either improvement continues or transfers into…

Желтая лихорадка в неза вакцинированном путешественнике в Перу.

Мы представляем случай не вакцинированного путешественника, который отправился из Нью-Йорка в Перу и заразился желтой лихорадкой. Скорее всего, он приобрел инфекцию во время посещения реки Амазонки с пунктом выезда из Лимы, Перу. Наш случай свидетельствует о том, что желтая лихорадка может идти драматически, а также о важности вакцинации перед поездкой.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
We present a case of an unvaccinated traveler who traveled from New York to Peru and contracted yellow fever. He likely acquired the infection while visiting the Amazon River, with a point of exit of Lima, Peru. Our case illustrates the dramatic course that yellow fever may take, as well as the importance of pretravel vaccination.

Advances and controversies in yellow fever vaccination.

Ever since its development in 1937, the live-attenuated 17D yellow fever (YF) vaccine has been one of the most effective vaccines available to man. In this review we highlight the major steps in the development of 17D YF vaccine. We discuss the use of neutralizing antibodies as a surrogate marker for protection, and explore the strengths and weaknesses of the current plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT), a technique developed in the 1960s that continues to be superior to every modern test in both sensitivity and specificity. The neutralizing antibodies demonstrated by the PRNT can be de…