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La fièvre de Lassa : réponses immunes et pathogenèse.

Lassa fever is a hemorrhagic fever endemic to West Africa and caused by Lassa virus, an Old-World arenavirus. It may be fatal, but most patients recover from acute disease and some experience asymptomatic infection. The immune mechanisms associated with these different outcomes have not yet been fully elucidated, but considerable progress has recently been made, through the use of in vitro human models and non-human primates, the only relevant animal model that mimics the pathophysiology and immune responses induced in patients. We discuss here the roles of the various components of the innate…

Желтая лихорадка: вновь возникающая угроза.

Желтая лихорадка (YF) является вирусным заболеванием, эндемичным для тропических регионов Африки и Северной и Южной Америки, которое в основном затрагивает людей и нечеловеческих приматов и передается через укус инфицированных комаров. Вирус желтой лихорадки (YFV) может вызвать разрушительные эпидемии потенциально смертельной геморрагической болезни. Несмотря на массовые кампании по вакцинации в целях предотвращения и пресечения этих вспышек, значительно возрос риск крупных эпидемий, особенно в густонаселенных, бедных городских районах, как в Африке, так и в Южной Америке. Следовательно, YF сч

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Yellow fever (YF) is a viral disease, endemic to tropical regions of Africa and the Americas, which principally affects humans and nonhuman primates and is transmitted via the bite of infected mosquitoes. Yellow fever virus (YFV) can cause devastating epidemics of potentially fatal, hemorrhagic disease. Despite mass vaccination campaigns to prevent and contr…

Comparative performance of a licensed anthrax vaccine versus electroporation based delivery of a PA encoding DNA vaccine in rhesus macaques.

DNA vaccination is a promising immunization strategy that could be applied in the development of vaccines for a variety of prophylactic and therapeutic indications. Utilizing anthrax protective antigen as a model antigen, we demonstrate that electroporation mediated delivery enhanced the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines in nonhuman primates over 100-fold as compared to conventional intramuscular injection. Two administrations of a DNA vaccine with electroporation elicited anthrax toxin neutralizing antibody responses in 100% of rhesus macaques. Toxin neutralizing antibodies were sustained for th…

Immunodefense of the round window.

A systematic analysis using serial sectioning of the round window membrane (RWM) in the cynomolgus monkey was performed. Light and transmiss … uminal surfaces displayed mature plasma cells and monocytes. These findings suggest that in certain primates the middle ear may have developed specific immunoprotective means for disposal of foreign and noxious substances before they reach the inner ear.

Development of treatment strategies to combat Ebola and Marburg viruses.

Ebola and Marburg viruses are emerging/re-emerging pathogens that pose a significant threat to human health. These naturally occurring viral infections frequently cause a lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates. The disastrous consequences of infection with these viruses have been pursued as potential biological weapons. To date, there are no therapeutic options available for the prophylaxis or treatment of infected individuals. The recognition that Ebola and Marburg viruses may be exploited as biological weapons has resulted in major efforts to develop modalities to counter i…

[Poliovirus susceptibility in cultured cells--an answer to Enders].

Poliovirus is the causative agent of poliomyelitis. It replicates efficiently in the neurons in the central nervous system and produces severe pathological lesions. It cannot replicate well in the non-neural tissues. In spite of this strict neurotropism in vivo, however, it can replicate in cells of monolayer cultures derived from almost any tissues of primates as Enders and colleagues initially shown. It was supposed that cellular changes during the process of cultivation were required for acquisition of susceptibility. This question remained unsolved for a long time. We have recently shown t…

Immunostimulatory oligonucleotides attenuate airways remodeling in allergic monkeys.

To determine whether inhaled immunostimulatory DNA sequence oligonucleotides containing CpG motifs mitigate the pathophysiologic manifestati … s can attenuate the magnitude of airway hyperreactivity and airways remodeling produced in nonhuman primates with experimentally induced allergic airways disease.

Interleukin-12: role of interferon-gamma in IL-12 adverse effects.

Interleukin 12 (IL-12) activates natural killer and T cells with the secondary synthesis and release of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and therefore enhances a Th1- or cell-mediated immune response. The immunostimulatory property of IL-12 may be used clinically in cancer and viral diseases. Safety studies in rodents and primates demonstrated a rather small therapeutic window with hepato- and splenomegaly, myelodepression, and lung edema. Investigations in mutant mice deficient for the IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gamma R-/-) revealed that both the biologic and toxic effects are indirect and largely d…

Long-term cognitive impairment in MPTP-treated rhesus monkeys.

Following MPTP administration, monkeys manifest cognitive deficits on tasks known to assess the fronto-striatal system; there are, however, … t 10 years after treatment. These results suggest that, like Parkinson's patients, the MPTP-treated primates display spatial deficits.

[Psoriasis in a female chimpanzee].

Psoriasis, a widespread genodermatosis in Homo sapiens, also appears in primates. We report on a female chimpanzee in Leipzig Zoo. After years of captivity the animal developed erythematosquamous, highly hyperkeratotic, lesions, some confluent, on the knees, elbows, back of the hands and feet and on the forearms and the seat, which showed histologically characteristic features of psoriasis. It may be that both previous infections and psychic stress resulting from social isolation had caused eruption of the disease. In the literature single cases of psoriasiform dermatoses have also been descri…

Effects of monocular deprivation on the visual fields of squirrel monkeys.

Five squirrel monkeys were monocularly deprived at birth for 3 years. Visual field testing for the deprived eye revealed no responses to visual stimuli at any position, including the monocular segment. These results are similar to those obtained in macaque monkeys after long-term neonatal monocular deprivation and indicate that lack of patterned visual input to an eye during development in primates can produce functional blindness throughout the visual field. Because the monocular segment of the visual field was not spared, binocular competition cannot be the only mechanism underlying this los…

Experimental Babesia microti infections in Macaca mulatta: recurrent parasitemia before and after splenectomy.

To learn more about the course of Babesia microti infections in primates, six Macaca mulatta monkeys with blood-induced B. microti infections were followed for 270 days with regular thick blood smears. Three of the monkeys experienced from 1--3 recurrences of parasitemia defined here as greater than or equal to 200 organisms/mm3 blood. Following splenectomy on day 297, parasitemia recurred in all animals, reaching levels of 1.9 x 10(5) to 2.7 x 10(6) organisms/mm3, and was associated with a moderately severe hemolytic anemia. These findings suggest that similar recurrences of parasitemia may o…

Fetal alcohol syndrome: a dilemma of maternal alcoholism.

The existence of FAS can no longer be denied; reports of greater than 200 cases which fall into a phenotypically recognizable continuum justify its existence. At this point, however, it is probably prudent to withhold judgment of the specific human teratogenicity of alcohol until more refined information regarding dose-risk relationships are available not only from humans, but also from animal models, including primates. It may be that Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, at this point, should be considered the Fetal Alcoholism Syndrome. At any rate, until much more is known, it would seem advisable to obs…

Some helminthozoonotic infections in Zambia.

Parasitic infections constitute an important group of zoonoses. Stool examination of inpatients, medical examinees and out-patients in a sub-tropical environment established that Inermicapsifer madagascariensis and Schistosoma mattheei are occasionally anthropozoonotic in Zambia. Strongyloides fülleborni, a species normally parasitic in primates is not uncommon in man; whether it is anthropozoonotic or a parasite well adapted to man in this part of Africa needs further investigation. The finding of unidentified spiruroid ova was considered to be due to a spurious infection. The need for the di…

Computational Repurposing of Mitoxantrone-Related Structures against Monkeypox Virus: A Molecular Docking and 3D Pharmacophore Study.

Monkeypox is caused by a DNA virus known as the monkeypox virus (MPXV) belonging to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease where the primary significant hosts are rodents and non-human primates. There is an increasing global incidence with a 2022 outbreak that has spread to Europe in the middle of the COVID-19 pandemic. The new outbreak has novel, previously undiscovered mutations and variants. Currently, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved poxvirus treatment involving the use of tecovirimat. However, there has otherwise been limited re…

Persistence of Yellow fever virus outside the Amazon Basin, causing epidemics in Southeast Brazil, from 2016 to 2018.

BACKGROUND: Yellow fever (YF) is endemic in the Brazilian Amazon Basin, and sporadic outbreaks take place outside the endemic area in Brazil. Since 2016, YF epidemics have been occurring in Southeast Brazil, with more than 1,900 human cases and more than 1,600 epizooties of non-human primates (NHPs) reported until April 2018. Previous studies have demonstrated that Yellow fever virus (YFV) causing outbreaks in 2017 formed a monophyletic group. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Aiming to decipher the origin of the YFV responsible for the recent epidemics, we obtained nucleotide sequences of YFV …

The end of the BSE saga: do we still need surveillance for human prion diseases?

The epidemics of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) related to BSE-infected food are coming to an end. The decline in concern about these diseases may invite complacency and questions whether surveillance for human prion diseases is still necessary. This article reviews the main points of surveillance and why it is still needed: animal sources for human prion infection other than BSE cannot be excluded; the potentially increasing circulation of prions between humans by blood, blood products and medical procedures; the prevalence of vCJ

Loa loa and Onchocerca ochengi miRNAs detected in host circulation.

A combination of deep-sequencing and bioinformatics analysis enabled identification of twenty-two microRNA candidates of potential nematode origin in plasma from Loa loa-infected baboons and a further ten from the plasma of an Onchocerca ochengi-infected cow. The obtained data were compared to results from previous work on miRNA candidates from Dirofilaria immitis and O. volvulus found in host circulating blood, to examine the species specificity of the released miRNA. None of the miRNA candidates was found to be present in all four host-parasite scenarios and most of them were specific to onl

Molecular identification of Oesophagostomum and Trichuris eggs isolated from wild Japanese macaques.

Natural habitat fragmentation and reducing habitat quality have resulted in an increased appearance of Japanese macaques, Macaca fuscata (Gray, 1870), in suburban areas in Japan. To investigate the risk of zoonotic infections, a coprological survey of helminth eggs passed by wild Japanese macaques was carried out in 2009 and 2010 in Shiga Prefecture, Japan. Microscopic examination found helminth eggs in high prevalence, and nucleotide sequencing of DNA extracted from the eggs identified Oesophagostomum cf. aculeatum and Trichuris trichiura. A fecal culture also detected infective larvae of Str

Distinct signatures of diversifying selection revealed by genome analysis of respiratory tract and invasive bacterial populations.

Many pathogens colonize different anatomical sites, but the selective pressures contributing to survival in the diverse niches are poorly un … mirrored by data obtained from full-genome analysis of strains sequentially cultured from nonhuman primates. Our results answer the long-standing question of the genetic relationship between GAS pharyngitis and invasive strains. The data provide previously undescribed information about the evolutionary history of pathogenic microbes that cause disease in …