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ESX-5 Deletions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Alter Macrophage Cytokine Signaling and Bacterial Heavy Metal Response.

The ESX-5 secretion system is critical for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) viability and putatively linked to pathogenesis, but a functional understanding of how it interacts with the host is unknown. ESX-5 is encoded at a single genomic locus with small, paralogous, secreted targets (ESX-5a, 5b, 5c) spaced throughout the genome. To examine host-pathogen interactions of these putative virulence clusters, we made mutant strains lacking these loci and infected primary human macrophages. Surprisingly, all deletion mutants independently reduced cytokine secretion during infection, specific to cer…

Making Rift Valley Fever Viral Particles Fluorescent.

Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne pathogen that represents a significant threat to both human and veterinary public health. Since its discovery in the Great Rift Valley of Kenya in the 1930s, the virus has spread across Africa and beyond, now posing a risk of introduction into Southern Europe and Asia. Despite recent progresses, early RVFV-host cell interactions remain largely uncharacterized. In this method chapter, we delineate the procedure for labeling RVFV particles with fluorescent organic dyes. This approach makes it feasible to visualize single viral particles in both

Phosphoribosyl-linked serine ubiquitination of USP14 by the SidE family effectors of Legionella excludes p62 from the bacterial phagosome.

Xenophagy is an evolutionarily conserved host defensive mechanism to eliminate invading microorganisms through autophagic machinery. The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila can avoid clearance by the xenophagy pathway via the actions of multiple Dot/Icm effector proteins. Previous studies have shown that p62, an adaptor protein involved in xenophagy signaling, is excluded from Legionella-containing vacuoles (LCVs). Such defects are attributed to the multifunctional SidE family effectors (SidEs) that exhibit classic deubiquitinase (DUB) and phosphoribosyl ubiquitination (PR-

Rhein inhibits Chlamydia trachomatis infection by regulating pathogen-host cell.

The global incidence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection increased rapidly as the primary available treatment of C. trachomatis infection being the use of antibiotics. However, the development of antibiotics resistant stain and other treatment failures are often observed in patients. Consequently, novel therapeutics are urgently required. Rhein is a monomer derivative of anthraquinone compounds with an anti-infection activity. This study investigated the effects of rhein on treating C. trachomatis infection. Rhein showed significant inhibitory effects on the growth of C. trachomatis in

Aspergillus fumigatus DHN-Melanin.

Dihydroxynaphthalene melanin (DHN-melanin) is an integral component of the conidial cell wall surface, which has a central role in the pathogenicity of the major human airborne fungal pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Although the biosynthetic pathway for A. fumigatus DHN-melanin production has been well characterized, the molecular interactions of DHN-melanin with the immune system have been incompletely understood. Recent studies demonstrated that apart from concealing immunostimulatory cell wall polysaccharides, calcium sequestration by DHN-melanin inhibits essential host effector pathways re

De novo transcriptome assembly and data for the blue-winged teal (Spatula discors).

The blue-winged teal (Spatula discors) is a recreationally and ecologically important dabbling duck species in North America. Transcriptomic … ypothesis driven differential expression studies to determine the driving forces of avian influenza host-pathogen interactions, spatial distribution, and transmission.

Sex-based differences in clearance of chronic Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Multiple studies have reported a male bias in incidence and/or prevalence of malaria infection in males compared to females. To test the hypothesis that sex-based differences in host-parasite interactions affect the epidemiology of malaria, we intensively followed Plasmodium falciparum infections in a cohort in a malaria endemic area of eastern Uganda and estimated both force of infection (FOI) and rate of clearance using amplicon deep-sequencing. We found no evidence of differences in behavioral risk factors, incidence of malaria, or FOI by sex. In contrast, females cleared asymptomatic infec

Экскосомальная микроRNA-155 Инхибиты Enterovirus A71 Инфекция PCICM.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) вызывает болезни рук, ног и ротовой полости (HFMD), связанные с неврологическими осложнениями. Исследователи показали, что экзосомы, содержащие микроRNA (miRNA), могут модифицировать клеточную реакцию получателя во время вирусной инфекции. Однако неясно, каким образом экзосомные микроРНК регулируют эту реакцию во время инфекции EV-A71. В этом исследовании мы использовали экзосомный чип миРНА, чтобы показать, что микроRNA-155 (miR-155) был заметно обогащен в экзосомах после инфекции EV-A71. Кроме того, экзосомическая инфекция miR-155 эффективно ингибировала инфекцию EV-

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) causes hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) that is associated with neurological complications. Researchers have sh … lthy individuals. Collectively, our findings provide evidence that exosomal miR-155 plays a role in host-pathogen interactions by mediating EV-A71 infection via the repression of PICALM; these results provide insights into the regulatory mechanisms of viral infection.

Regulation of Phosphoribosyl-Linked Serine Ubiquitination by Deubiquitinases DupA and DupB.

The family of bacterial SidE enzymes catalyzes non-canonical phosphoribosyl-linked (PR) serine ubiquitination and promotes infectivity of Le … s major SidE targets. The global map of PR-ubiquitinated substrates provides critical insights into host-pathogen interactions during Legionella infection.

Pathogenesis of the Candida parapsilosis Complex in the Model Host Caenorhabditis elegans.

Caenorhabditiselegans is a valuable tool as an infection model toward the study of Candida species. In this work, we endeavored to develop a … 22/23. Overall, the C. elegans-C. parapsilosis infection model can be used to model C. parapsilosis host-pathogen interactions.

Uncovering the interplay between CD8, CD4 and antibody responses to complex pathogens.

Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as the vaccine strain to eradicate smallpox. VACV is still administered to healthcare workers or researchers who are at risk of contracting the virus, and to military personnel. Thus, VACV represents a weapon against outbreaks, both natural (e.g., monkeypox) or man-made (bioterror). This virus is also used as a vector for experimental vaccine development (cancer/infectious disease). As a prototypic poxvirus, VACV is a model system for studying host-pathogen interactions. Until recently, little was known about the targets of host immune responses, which was likely…

Analysis of the Paracoccidioides brasiliensis triosephosphate isomerase suggests the potential for adhesin function.

Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is an important fungal pathogen. The disease it causes, paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), ranges from localized pulmonary infection to systemic processes that endanger the life of the patient. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis adhesion to host tissues contributes to its virulence, but we know relatively little about molecules and the molecular mechanisms governing fungal adhesion to mammalian cells. Triosephosphate isomerase (TPI: EC 5.3.1.1) of P. brasiliensis (PbTPI) is a fungal antigen characterized by microsequencing of peptides. The protein, which is predominantly ex

Novel immunotherapeutic strategies for invasive fungal disease.

Infectious diseases still represent a major cause of mortality in man. Failure of the immune system to eradicate pathogens may result in serious invasive infections. Increasing numbers of immunocompromised patients, ineffective treatment and the emergence of drug-resistant pathogens represent the underlying problems. The focus of this review is on the pathogenesis of systemic fungal disease and the development of novel immunotherapeutic approaches. A comprehensive understanding of host-pathogen interactions is required for manipulation of immune responses to direct anti-fungal immunity. The po…

Epidemiological correlates of virulence genotype and phylogenetic background among Escherichia coli blood isolates from adults with diverse-source bacteremia.

Associations of virulence genotype and phylogenetic background with epidemiological factors (primary source of bacteremia, host compromise s … d as significant epidemiological predictors, which provided evidence of their possible relevance in host-pathogen interactions and hence as potential targets for preventive interventions against extraintestinal infections due to E. coli.

Laccase and melanin in the pathogenesis of Cryptococcus neoformans.

Cryptococcosis, caused by an encapsulated fungus, Cryptococcus neoformans, has emerged as a life threatening infection in HIV positive indiv … s confirmed its role in the virulence of Cryptococcus. Also described is the role of melanin in the host-pathogen interactions. Melanin may protect Cryptococcus cells by a variety of methods including anti-oxidant or cell wall surface effects thereby offering protection against numerous effectors of cellular immunity.

Mechanisms of Pathogenic Candida Species to Evade the Host Complement Attack.

Candida species are common colonizers of the human skin, vagina, and the gut. As human commensals, Candida species do not cause any notable damage in healthy individuals; however, in certain conditions they can initiate a wide range of diseases such as chronic disseminated candidiasis, endocarditis, vaginitis, meningitis, and endophthalmitis. The incidence of Candida caused infections has increased worldwide, with mortality rates exceeding 70% in certain patient populations. C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis, and C. krusei are responsible for more than 90% of Candida-rel

Fungal diseases: Oral dysbiosis in susceptible hosts.

The oral cavity is colonized by a large number of microorganisms that are referred to collectively as the oral microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have evolved in symbiotic relationships with the oral mucosal immune system and are involved in maintaining homeostasis in the oral cavity. Although Candida species are commonly found in the healthy oral cavity without causing infection, these fungi can become pathogenic. Recents advances indicate that the development of oral candidiasis is driven both by Candida albicans overgrowth in a dysbiotic microbiome and by disturbances in the host's

Bitter Taste Receptors in Bacterial Infections and Innate Immunity.

BACKGROUND: Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs), originally identified for their role in gustation, are now recognized for their functions in ex … ng on the pathogen and the local immune environment. CONCLUSIONS: TAS2Rs play an essential role in host-pathogen interactions across multiple mucosal surfaces. Their ability to detect bacterial signals and activate innate immune defenses positions them as promising therapeutic targets. Future studies should focus on in vivo validation, genetic diversity, and receptor-ligan …

An Alternative Splicing Variant of the Mixed-Lineage Leukemia 5 Protein Is a Cellular Adhesion Receptor for ScaA of Orientia tsutsugamushi.

Scrub typhus is a mite-borne disease caused by the obligately intracellular bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. We previously demonstrated that ScaA, an autotransporter membrane protein of O. tsutsugamushi, is commonly shared in various genotypes and involved in adherence to host cells. Here, we identified a mixed-lineage leukemia 5 (MLL5) mammalian trithorax group protein as a host receptor that interacts with ScaA. MLL5, identified by yeast two-hybrid screening, is an alternative splicing variant of MLL5 (vMLL5) which contains 13 exons with additional intron sequences encoding a tentative tran

[Pathogenic mechanisms of Tick-borne Flaviviruses].

Many tick-borne flaviviruses causes fatal encephalitis in humans and animals with severe sequelae. However, it remains unclear how viral replication and pathogenicity contribute to the neurologic manifestations. In this paper, I summarized the specific replication mechanism of tick-borne flaviviruses in neurons and their effect on the pathogenicity of neurological disease. Our findings of the unique virus-host interaction in central nerve system will improve further understanding of the molecular mechanisms of viral replication and the pathogenicity of neurotropic viruses.