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Aptamer Therapeutics in Cancer: Current and Future.

Aptamer-related technologies represent a revolutionary advancement in the capacity to rapidly develop new classes of targeting ligands. Structurally distinct RNA and DNA oligonucleotides, aptamers mimic small, protein-binding molecules and exhibit high binding affinity and selectivity. Although their molecular weight is relatively small-approximately one-tenth that of monoclonal antibodies-their complex tertiary folded structures create sufficient recognition surface area for tight interaction with target molecules. Additionally, unlike antibodies, aptamers can be readily chemically synthesize

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… Podocytes produce homeostatic chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1/CXCL12, which contributes to glomerulosclerosis, podocyte loss and albuminuria in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes Diabetologia 2009 52 2445 2454 10.1007/s00125-009-1493-6 19707743 162. Marasca R. Maffei R. …

Systemic amyloid light-chain amyloidosis beyond ANDROMEDA: Diagnostic challenges and therapeutic updates.

Systemic immunoglobulin light-chain amyloidosis is a rare but life-threatening plasma cell disorder characterized by the production of misfolded monoclonal light chains that deposit as amyloid fibrils, leading to pathologic tissue remodeling and progressive multiorgan dysfunction. Despite substantial therapeutic advances, delayed diagnosis remains common because of nonspecific presentations and the need for coordinated hematologic, pathologic, and organ-specific evaluation. The introduction of daratumumab-based regimens has transformed frontline therapy, whereas advances in cytogenetic profili

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… Renal involvement typically presents with nephrotic‐range proteinuria, predominantly albuminuria, reflecting glomerular basement membrane damage from amyloid deposition. …

The Multifaceted Nature of GLP-1: Molecular Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways in Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases.

The aim of this article is to present the current state of knowledge regarding the use of GLP-1 agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and other potential clinical indications, including neurodegenerative conditions. The article describes the characteristics of the diseases discussed, with particular emphasis on the pathophysiological mechanisms and the impact of metabolic disorders on the course of the diseases. In addition, the specific role of GLP-1 receptor agonists and their mechanisms of action leading to improved clinical outcomes were discussed, including their impact o

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… Their use is also recommended in patients with chronic kidney disease, both with eGFR 20–60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 and/or albuminuria, in order to improve glycemic control, slow the progression of CKD, and reduce cardiovascular risk, as well as in advanced stages of the disease (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ), …

Biologics in Kidney Transplantation: Why and How Should We Personalize Their Dosage?

The therapeutic arsenal of immunosuppressive drugs in kidney transplantation has recently expanded with the introduction of biologics, approved or used off-label, that specifically target the immune system. Although therapeutic drug monitoring is well established for calcineurin inhibitors, its utility for biological immunosuppressants remains unclear. The objective of this narrative review was to evaluate whether biologics used to prevent or treat renal allograft rejection could be suitable candidates for therapeutic drug monitoring. This review provides (1) a comprehensive and up-to-date syn

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… In addition, albuminuria itself was a significant determinant of minimum concentration variability, while urinary elimination of tocilizumab was negligible [ 26 ]. …

Heart Failure in Older Patients: An Update.

Heart failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome with high incidence and prevalence and high morbidity and death rate, even in the short term, representing a serious public health issue, mainly in older people. It is a growing cause for hospital admission in this age group, being frequently associated with several comorbidities, further aggravating the disease's course. Moreover, older HF patients are usually affected by clinical conditions, like frailty, malnutrition, and cachexia, which significantly impact the overall management of HF and need to be properly identified and treated. Diagnosing and

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… Furthermore, SGLT2 inhibitors have demonstrated nephroprotective effects (reducing albuminuria and the decline in glomerular filtration rate) even in the older population at risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD), with no significant differences compared to younger patients (CREDENCE ≥ 65 years: HR 0.77 …

Evolving Therapeutic Strategies in ANCA-Associated Vasculitis: Current Standards and Emerging Targets for GPA and MPA.

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) and microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) are severe autoimmune disorders characterized by necrotizing small-vessel inflammation, and are classified among anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitides (AAV). Standard induction therapy combines glucocorticoids (GCs) with rituximab (RTX) or cyclophosphamide (CYC), with growing emphasis on GC minimization and selective use of avacopan in patients at high risk of GC toxicity. For maintenance therapy, fixed-interval RTX generally outperforms conventional oral agents and biomarker-guided re-dosin

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… Beyond its GC-sparing effect, avacopan demonstrated a clinically meaningful renal benefit, with a consistent renal recovery signal characterized by greater improvement in eGFR and a faster reduction in albuminuria compared with in the control group [ 26 ]. … Indeed, patients receiving avacopan with reduced GCs experience improved quality of life, better renal recovery, faster reduction in albuminuria, and predictably less GC-related toxicity [ 55 ]. …

Unraveling the Potential of SGK1 in Osteoporosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Targets.

Osteoporosis (OP) is a prevalent metabolic bone disease, with several million cases of fractures resulting from osteoporosis worldwide each year. This phenomenon contributes to a substantial increase in direct medical expenditures and poses a considerable socioeconomic burden. Despite its prevalence, our understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. Recent studies have demonstrated the involvement of serum glucocorticoid-regulated protein kinase 1 (SGK1) in multiple signaling pathways that regulate bone metabolism and its significant role in the development of osteoporosis. There

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… Blunted DOCA/high salt induced albuminuria and renal tubulointerstitial damage in gene-targeted mice lacking SGK1. J. Mol. Med. 2006;84:737–746. doi: 10.1007/s00109-006-0082-0. 74. Lang F., Stournaras C. Serum and glucocorticoid inducible kinase, metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and tumor growth. …

Lipocalin 2-not only a biomarker: a study of current literature and systematic findings of ongoing clinical trials.

Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), also known as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, is an innate immune protein encoded by the LCN2 gene. In this study, we investigated various roles and functions of Lcn2 characterized in a systems-based format and evaluated its therapeutic potentials and clinical relevance for diagnosis and prognosis. An additional systematic presentation was presented for 70 ongoing clinical trials utilizing Lcn2 in the diagnostic and prognostic setting as a key outcome measure. With trials being conducted through December 2030, Lcn2 will become all the more relevant given its ass

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… pressure assessed by pulse wave analysis at 6 months; augmentation index assessed by pulse wave analysis at 6 months NCT05309785 | Safety and Efficacy of Canagliflozin in Advanced CKD | Not yet recruiting | ESRD; CKD stage 4; CKD stage 5 | Drug: Invokana 300 mg and 100 mg tablet | The 26-week change in albuminuria …

Cellular Senescence and the Kidney: Potential Therapeutic Targets and Tools.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an increasing health burden (affecting approximately 13.4% of the population). Currently, no curative treatment options are available and treatment is focused on limiting the disease progression. The accumulation of senescent cells has been implicated in the development of kidney fibrosis by limiting tissue rejuvenation and through the secretion of pro-fibrotic and pro-inflammatory mediators termed as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. The clearance of senescent cells in aging models results in improved kidney function, which shows promise for the op

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… Combined treatment with quercetin and dasatinib of mice with metabolic syndrome not only resulted in improved glucose metabolism but also resulted in a decreased albuminuria ( Palmer et al., 2019 ). …

Endothelial dysfunction in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency: current knowledge and novel biomarkers.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is a complex endocrine disorder characterized by impaired cortisol synthesis and androgen excess. Beyond its hormonal and metabolic implications, CAH has been increasingly associated with an elevated risk of cardiovascular complications, including endothelial dysfunction, a critical precursor to atherosclerosis and a risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. This review explores the current knowledge on endothelial function in patients with CAH, focusing on the interplay between chronic hormonal imbalanc

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… Flow Mediated Dilatation Is Reduced with the Progressive Stages of Glomerular Filtration Rate and Albuminuria in Type 2 Diabetic Patients without Coronary Heart Disease . …

Systemic lupus erythematosus: pathogenesis and targeted therapy.

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multifaceted autoimmune disorder characterized by dysregulated immune responses and autoantibody production, which affects multiple organs and varies in clinical presentation and disease severity. The development of SLE is intricate, encompassing dysregulation within the immune system, a collapse of immunological tolerance, genetic susceptibilities to the disease, and a variety of environmental factors that can act as triggers. This review provides a comprehensive discussion of the pathogenesis and treatment strategies of SLE and focuses on the progress

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… Moreover, in patients with refractory LN who had adverse reactions to RTX infusions, administering ofatumumab at a dose of 700 mg with a two-week interval led to clinical improvements, notably a decrease in albuminuria levels [ 164 ]. …

Systemic Consequences of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Beyond Immune-Mediated Manifestations.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) management traditionally focuses on intestinal inflammation, yet extraintestinal manifestations can substantially impair patient quality of life. In this perspective, we emphasize the broad systemic impact of IBD-from highly prevalent conditions such as anemia, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, or fatigue to rare but severe complications like interstitial lung disease and drug-induced glomerulonephritis. We review underlying mechanisms linking gut inflammation to distant organs, including immune dysregulation, microbial translocation, an

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… Inflammatory bowel disease increases the levels of albuminuria and the risk of urolithiasis: A two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2023;28:167. doi: 10.1186/s40001-023-01128-0. 55. …

Secondary antibody deficiencies: what's around the corner?

Secondary antibody deficiencies (SADs) are characterized by impaired humoral immunity, which can cause recurrent and severe infections. Several factors may contribute to SAD development, making it difficult to establish a clear etiological classification. This heterogeneity also leads to clinical variability, further complicating patient management and treatment strategies. Various diagnostic and therapeutic algorithms are often adapted from those used in primary antibody deficiencies, potentially resulting in under- or over-treatment. Key points include the decision to initiate Immunoglobulin

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… The reduction, primarily affecting serum IgG and IgA, is related to the degree of albuminuria and is associated with increased susceptibility to infection. Moreover, the affected patients often require immunosuppressive treatment, leading to a further increase in infection risk ( 147 , 148 ). …

Glutathione Transferase P1-1 an Enzyme Useful in Biomedicine and as Biomarker in Clinical Practice and in Environmental Pollution.

Glutathione transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) is expressed in some human tissues and is abundant in mammalian erythrocytes (here termed e-GST). This enzyme is able to detoxify the cell from endogenous and exogenous toxic compounds by using glutathione (GSH) or by acting as a ligandin. This review collects studies that propose GSTP1-1 as a useful biomarker in different fields of application. The most relevant studies are focused on GSTP1-1 as a biosensor to detect blood toxicity in patients affected by kidney diseases. In fact, this detoxifying enzyme is over-expressed in erythrocytes when unusual amo

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… Therefore, e-GST could be considered an early biomarker of renal dysfunction in diabetic patients, as its overexpression could be present even in the absence of increased traditional renal damage markers (like albuminuria). …

Update on Contrast-Induced Nephropathy: Recent Developments in Its Prevention, Early Diagnosis, and Therapy.

Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN), now more accurately referred to as contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI), remains a major cause of hospital-acquired acute kidney injury (AKI) and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, particularly in high-risk patients. This condition occurs following the intravascular administration of iodinated radiocontrast media (RCM), especially in individuals with pre-existing chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes mellitus, heart failure, advanced age, or exposure to high contrast volumes. The pathophysiology of CI-AKI is multifactorial and in

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… Prevention Measures for Intra-Arterial RCM Administration Generally, preventive measures are used in all patients undergoing intra-arterial RCM administration [ 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 ], although high-risk categories can be identified such as: significant proteinuria (proteinuria > 500 mg/day or albuminuria …

Навигатор биомаркеров человека.

Биомаркеры играют ключевую роль в современных исследованиях медицины, особенно в ранней диагностике заболеваний и персонализированном лечении. Несмотря на то, что предыдущие исследования систематически обзоры маркеров в различных областях заболеваний, интегрированная система, которая связывает основные физиологические системы, охватывает множество органов и охватывает широкий спектр заболеваний, все еще отсутствует. В контексте современных вызовов здоровья, характеризующихся высокой распространенностью хронических заболеваний и широкими сопутствующими заболеваниями, создание панорамной системы

Emerging Role of GLP-1 Agonists in Obesity: A Comprehensive Review of Randomised Controlled Trials.

Obesity is a chronic disease with high prevalence and associated comorbidities, making it a growing global concern. These comorbidities include type 2 diabetes, hypertension, ventilatory dysfunction, arthrosis, venous and lymphatic circulation diseases, depression, and others, which have a negative impact on health and increase morbidity and mortality. GLP-1 agonists, used to treat type 2 diabetes, have been shown to be effective in promoting weight loss in preclinical and clinical studies. This review summarizes numerous studies conducted on the main drugs in the GLP-1 agonists class, outlini

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… The pooled analysis revealed that semaglutide/liraglutide reduced albuminuria from baseline to two years after randomization by 24% compared to the placebo (95% CI, 20–27%; p < 0.001). …

Nucleic acid aptamers in orthopedic diseases: promising therapeutic agents for bone disorders.

Precision medicine has become a cornerstone in modern therapeutic strategies, with nucleic acid aptamers emerging as pivotal tools due to their unique properties. These oligonucleotide fragments, selected through the Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment process, exhibit high affinity and specificity toward their targets, such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and other biomolecules. Nucleic acid aptamers offer significant advantages over traditional therapeutic agents, including superior biological stability, minimal immunogenicity, and the capacity for universal chemical modificatio

Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer.

The Janus kinase (JAK) signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of transmembrane signal transduction that enables cells to communicate with the exterior environment. Various cytokines, interferons, growth factors, and other specific molecules activate JAK-STAT signaling to drive a series of physiological and pathological processes, including proliferation, metabolism, immune response, inflammation, and malignancy. Dysregulated JAK-STAT signaling and related genetic mutations are strongly associated with immune activation and c

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… 339 – 341 Increased activity of the JAK-STAT pathway in mice with diabetic nephropathy prevented podocyte autophagy and enhanced disease progression. 342 A remarkable increase in JAK2 level was also integrally linked to a series of deteriorating clinical symptoms of diabetic nephropathy, including albuminuria …

Targeting Members of the Chemokine Family as a Novel Approach to Treating Neuropathic Pain.

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Numerous studies indicate that this type of pain is a chronic condition with a complex mechanism that tends to worsen over time, leading to a significant deterioration in patients' quality of life and issues like depression, disability, and disturbed sleep. Presently used analgesics are not effective enough in neuropathy treatment and may cause many side effects due to the high doses needed. In recent years, many researchers have pointed to the important role of chemokines not only in the development and ma