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Hypophosphatemic rickets: diagnosis and treatment.

Hypophosphatemicrickets (HR) represents a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal phosphate wasting, impaired bone mineralization, and skeletal deformities. This narrative review provides an overview of phosphate homeostasis and the molecular mechanisms underlying HR, focusing on the role of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23) in regulating renal phosphate use and vitamin D metabolism. The clinical, biochemical, and genetic features of both FGF23-dependent and -independent forms of HR are discussed, including X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH), autosomal dominant hypophosphatemic

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… JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc. 2012;52(188):192–195. 95. Ferreira CR, Kavanagh D, Oheim R, Zimmerman K, Sturznickel J, Li X, et al. Response of the ENPP1-Deficient Skeletal Phenotype to Oral Phosphate Supplementation and/or Enzyme Replacement Therapy: Comparative Studies in Humans and Mice. …

Analyzing Comorbidity Patterns in Patients With Thyroid Disease Using Large-Scale Electronic Medical Records: Network-Based Retrospective Observational Study.

BackgroundThyroid disease (TD) is a prominent endocrine disorder that raises global health concerns; however, its comorbidity patterns remain unclear.ObjectiveThis study aims to apply a network-based method to comprehensively analyze the comorbidity patterns of TD using large-scale real-world health data.MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, we extracted the comorbidities of adult patients with TD from both private and public data sets. All comorbidities were identified using ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) codes at the 3-digit level, and those with

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… J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2023 Jul 20;20(4):922–927. doi: 10.33314/jnhrc.v20i4.4314. doi: 10.33314/jnhrc.v20i4.4314. 21. Yasuda T, Kaneto H, Kuroda A, Yamamoto T, Takahara M, Naka T, Miyashita K, Fujisawa K, Sakamoto F, Katakami N, Matsuoka Taka-Aki, Shimomura Iichiro. …

Small compound 6-O-angeloylplenolin induces mitotic arrest and exhibits therapeutic potentials in multiple myeloma.

BackgroundMultiple myeloma (MM) is a disease of cell cycle dysregulation while cell cycle modulation can be a target for MM therapy. In this study we investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of a sesquiterpene lactone 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP) on MM cells.Methodology/principal findingsMM cells were exposed to 6-OAP and cell cycle distribution were analyzed. The role for cyclin B1 to play in 6-OAP-caused mitotic arrest was tested by specific siRNA analyses in U266 cells. MM.1S cells co-incubated with interleukin-6 (IL-6), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), or bone marrow stromal

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… A.Br. is a Compositae plant distributing over East and South East Asia, Nepal and Oceania. …

The clinical picture of Castleman disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AbstractCastleman disease (CD) encompasses a spectrum of rare disorders, including unicentric CD (UCD), idiopathic multicentric CD (iMCD), and human herpesvirus 8-associated MCD (HHV8+ MCD). We performed a systematic review of publications reporting ≥5 cases of CD between 1995 and 2021, following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines, to describe and compare subtypes. We extracted data on clinical symptoms and laboratory parameters as stated in international consensus diagnostic criteria for iMCD and estimated the frequency of each criterion using meta-a

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… 1990-2001 | | | 60 | Kojima et al 54 | Japan | Not reported | 1992-2007 | | 28 | | Sato et al 55 | Japan | 1 | Not reported | | 6 | | Terasaki et al 56 | Japan | 1 | Not reported | | 15 | | Gopal et al (2015) 57 # | Malawi | 1 | 1 June 2013 to 31 January 2015 | | | 6 | Ghosh et al 58 | Nepal …

Global Burden of Disease Due to High Body Mass Index and Projections to 2040: A Study Based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019.

BackgroundThe prevalence of high body mass index (BMI) contributes to an increased risk of various diseases. This study aimed to identify global disease burden trends associated with high BMI from 1990 to 2019 and forecasts up to 2040.MethodsUsing data from the global burden of disease (GBD) 2019 study, we analysed the number and ratio of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) related to high BMI. The data were analysed by sex, ages, socio-demographic index (SDI), world health organization (WHO) region, and disease level. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was employed

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… From 1990 to 2019, the annual percentage change in all‐age DALYs was the highest in Asia, with notable increases in Bangladesh (0·053%), Vietnam (0·052%), and Nepal (0·048%). Conversely, Europe exhibited the lowest rates, particularly in Norway (−0·01%) and Luxembourg (−0·009%) (see Figure 3 ). …

Multidisciplinary Progress in Obesity Research.

Obesity is a chronic disease that endangers human health. In recent years, the phenomenon of obesity has become more and more common, and it has become a global epidemic. Obesity is closely associated with many adverse metabolic changes and diseases, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, coronary heart disease, nervous system diseases and some malignant tumors, which have caused a huge burden on the country's medical finance. In most countries of the world, the incidence of cancer caused by obesity is increasing year on year. Diabetes associated with obesity can lead to seconda

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… Shrestha A., Nepal S., Kim M.J., Chang J.H., Kim S.-H., Jeong G.-S., Jeong C.-H., Park G.H., Jung S., Lim J., et al. Critical role of ampk/foxo3a axis in globular adiponectin-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 2016;231:357–369. doi: 10.1002/jcp.25080. 72. …

Global cancer statistics 2024: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 34 cancers in 186 countries.

This article provides updated global cancer statistics for the year 2024 based on the GLOBOCAN estimates of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The authors describe national cancer incidence and mortality by world region and the Human Development Index and predict the burden in 2050 based on demographic trends. In 2024, an estimated 20.6 million new cancer cases (19.5 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) and 9.8 million deaths (9.7 million excluding nonmelanoma skin cancer) occurred worldwide, equivalent to one in five people developing cancer during their lifetime and one i

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… Stomach cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among men in six countries (Afghanistan, Bhutan, Kyrgyzstan, Mali, Nepal, and Tajikistan), and it is also the leading cause of cancer death among women in Ecuador, Nepal, Peru, and Tajikistan (Figures 4 and 5 ) …

The Disruptive Impact of COVID-19 on the Utilization of Cancer Chemotherapy-Related Healthcare Assistance at the Principal Nationwide Referral Hospital in Kenya.

Background Lockdown measures to reduce the outbreak of COVID-19 negatively impacted the administration of cancer chemotherapy globally; however, data from Kenya are limited. Researchers strove to address this information gap and assess chemotherapy trends before and during the pandemic at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH), the most wide-ranging referral infirmary in Kenya, along with associated factors to provide future guidance. Methods Time series analyses and patient interviews were undertaken at the KNH Cancer Treatment Centre. Patient data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially. The

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… Older adults with pre-existing noncommunicable conditions and their healthcare access amid COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study in eastern Nepal. Ghimire S, Shrestha A, Yadav UN, et al. BMJ Open. 2022;12:0. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-056342. 29. …

The DNA damage response network in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether DNA damage response (DDR)-related aberrations predict therapeutic benefit in cisplatin-treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients and how DDR pathways are modulated after treatment with olaparib alone or in combination with cisplatin or durvalumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Oxidative stress, abasic sites and DDR-related parameters, including endogenous DNA damage, DNA repair mechanisms and apoptosis rates, were evaluated in HNSCC cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 46 healthy controls (HC) and 70 HNSCC patients at b

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… Chakravarthi B.V., Nepal S., Varambally S. Genomic and epigenomic alterations in cancer. Am J Pathol. 2016;186:1724–1735. doi: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.023. 12. Mouw K.W., Goldberg M.S., Konstantinopoulos P.A. DNA damage and repair biomarkers of immunotherapy response. …

Management of Itch in the Elderly: A Review.

Chronic itch is common in the elderly patient and may be caused by a variety of known dermatologic and non-dermatologic conditions and can have a significant effect on quality of life. Age-related changes in barrier function, immunosenescence, and neuronal changes and neuropathies are common predisposing factors to chronic itch in this age group. Certain primary dermatologic conditions are more common in the elderly and can cause chronic itch. Also, co-morbid diseases particularly of the renal, hepatobiliary, or hematologic systems, psychologic conditions, or medications may contribute to chro

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… Thapa DP Jha AK Kharel C Shrestha S Dermatological problems in geriatric patients: a hospital based study Nepal Med Coll J 2012 14 3 193 195 24047013 2. …

Human inhibitory leukocyte Ig-like receptors: from immunotolerance to immunotherapy.

In recent decades, immunotherapeutic strategies have been used to treat a wide range of pathologies, many of which were previously incurable, such as cancer and autoimmune disorders. Despite this unprecedented success, a considerable number of patients fail to respond to currently approved immunotherapies or develop resistance over time. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop the next generation of immune-targeted therapies. Various members of the Ig superfamily play essential roles in regulating leukocyte functions. One such group, the leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LILRs), have been imp

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… Inflamm Regen 2020 40 1 9 10.1186/s41232-020-00119-6 32514324 PMC7265636 129 Farrar CA et al The innate immune system and transplantation Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013 3 10 a015479 24086066 10.1101/cshperspect.a015479 PMC3784815 130 Shrestha BM Immune system and kidney transplantation JNMA J Nepal …

A multicountry ecological study of cancer incidence rates in 2008 with respect to various risk-modifying factors.

Observational and ecological studies are generally used to determine the presence of effect of cancer risk-modifying factors. Researchers generally agree that environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, poor diet, lack of physical activity, and low serum 25-hdyroxyvitamin D levels are important cancer risk factors. This ecological study used age-adjusted incidence rates for 21 cancers for 157 countries (87 with high-quality data) in 2008 with respect to dietary supply and other factors, including per capita gross domestic product, life expectancy, lung cancer incidence rate (an

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… Comoros, Djibouti, Ethiopia, French Polynesia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guadeloupe, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Martinique, Mauritania, Moldova, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nepal …

Recent advances in anti-angiogenic therapy of cancer.

Since angiogenesis is critical for tumor growth and metastasis, anti-angiogenic treatment is a highly promising therapeutic approach. Thus, for over last couple of decades, there has been a robust activity aimed towards the discovery of angiogenesis inhibitors. More than forty anti-angiogenic drugs are being tested in clinical trials all over the world. This review discusses agents that have approved by the FDA and are currently in use for treating patients either as single-agents or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.

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… jbc.M109.021949 PMC2755696 21 Das S Samant RS Shevde LA Hedgehog signaling induced by breast cancer cells promotes osteoclastogenesis and osteolysis J Biol Chem 10.1074/jbc.M110.174920 PMC3058990 21169638 22 Courtwright A Siamakpour-Reihani S Arbiser JL Banet N Hilliard E Fried L Livasy C Ketelsen D Nepal …

Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016.

BACKGROUND: The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context. METHODS: We used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years

Emerging role of low-frequency somatic mutations in cancer relapse: from early detection to precision oncology.

Somatic mutations with low variant allele frequencies offer a highly sensitive lens for detecting cancer relapse driven by diverse causes, including clonal evolution and therapy resistance. Advances in next-generation sequencing have enabled robust subclonal variant identification that typically fall below conventional detection limits, supporting a comprehensive understanding of individual molecular profiles that can lead to relapse. These low-level alterations frequently emerge before clinical or radiological relapse and can inform response-adaptive treatment decisions. This review integrate

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… Military Med Res . ( 2025 ) 12 : 7 . doi: 10.1186/s40779-025-00595-2 , PMID: 39934876 PMC11812268 3 Chakravarthi BVSK Nepal S Varambally S . Genomic and epigenomic alterations in cancer . …

Hemato-Oncology Care During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: Changes in Treatment Pathways, Patient Flow, and Durable Organizational Adaptations.

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted cancer care at every level of the clinical pathway, but its effect on hemato-oncology was distinctive because patients with hematologic malignancies often require urgent diagnosis, frequent hospital visits, transfusion support, intensive therapy, transplantation, cellular therapy, and infection-sensitive follow-up. This narrative review examines the pandemic as a disruption of hemato-oncology care delivery rather than only as a source of excess infection-related morbidity. It synthesizes evidence on diagnostic access, patient flow, treatment prioritization, infe

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… longitudinal study of non-medical determinants of adherence to R-CHOP therapy for diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: implication for survival BMC Cancer Borel C Lamy S Compaci G 288 15 2015 25884669 10.1186/s12885-015-1287-9 PMC4403884 40 Rapidly established telehealth care for blood cancer patients in Nepal …

Role of autophagy in cholangiocarcinoma: An autophagy-based treatment strategy.

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are diverse biliary epithelial tumours involving the intrahepatic, perihilar and distal parts of the biliary tree. The three entirely variable entities have distinct epidemiology, molecular characteristics, prognosis and strategy for clinical management. However, many cholangiocarcinoma tumor-cells appear to be resistant to current chemotherapeutic agents. The role of autophagy and the therapeutic value of autophagy-based therapy are largely unknown in CCA. The multistep nature of autophagy offers a plethora of regulation points, which are prone to be deregulated and

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… Nepal C, O'Rourke CJ, Oliveira DVNP, Taranta A, Shema S, Gautam P, Calderaro J, Barbour A, Raggi C, Wennerberg K, Wang XW, Lautem A, Roberts LR, Andersen JB. Genomic perturbations reveal distinct regulatory networks in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. …

Targeting dorsal root ganglia for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: from bench to bedside.

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a debilitating condition affecting an increasing number of cancer survivors worldwide. However, insights into its pathophysiology and availability of effective therapies remain lacking. Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) have been studied as a key component of chemotherapeutic drug toxicity and a potential therapeutic target for CIPN treatment. This comprehensive review aims to synthesize, summarize, and correlate the results of both preclinical and clinical studies relevant to the pathophysiology and management of CIPN in relation to the DRG. Design

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… Nepal MR, Taheri H, Li Y, et al. Targeting OCT2 with duloxetine to prevent oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neurotoxicity. Cancer Res Commun 2022; 2: 1334–1343. 108. Verstappen CC, Koeppen S, Heimans JJ, et al. …

Antioxidant and Antiproliferation Activities of Lemon Verbena (Aloysia citrodora): An In Vitro and In Vivo Study.

Aloysia citrodora (Verbenaceae) is traditionally used to treat various diseases, including bronchitis, insomnia, anxiety, digestive, and heart problems. In this study, this plant's antioxidant and anti-proliferation effects were evaluated. In addition to volatiles extraction, different solvent extracts were prepared. The GC-MS, LC-MS analysis and the Foline-Ciocalteu (F-C) method were used to investigate the phytochemical components of the plant. MTT assay was used to measure the antiproliferative ability for each extract. Antioxidant activity was determined using the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazy

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… Nepal M. Choi H.J. Choi B.-Y. Yang M.-S. Chae J.-I. Li L. Soh Y. Hispidulin attenuates bone resorption and osteoclastogenesis via the RANKL-induced NF-κB and NFATc1 pathways Eur. J. Pharmacol. 2013 715 96 104 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.06.002 23791609 67. Woerdenbag H.J. Merfort I. Schmidt T.J. …

Ocular effects caused by viral infections and corresponding vaccines: An overview of varicella zoster virus, measles virus, influenza viruses, hepatitis B virus, and SARS-CoV-2.

Many viral infections can affect vision and the visual system. Vaccination to prevent diseases is commonplace today, acting by stimulating an immune response without developing the pathology. It involves the production of persisting antibodies against the pathogen and the activation of T cells. Certain diseases have already been eradicated by rigorous vaccination campaigns, while others are hoped to be eliminated soon. Vaccines currently available on the market are largely safe, even if they can rarely cause some adverse effects, such as ocular complications. Analyzing existing literature, we

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… Nepal J Ophthalmol. (2011) 3:165–71. 18. Marsh RJ. Herpes zoster keratitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K (1962). (1937) 93:181–92. 19. Piebenga LW, Laibson PR. Dendritic lesion in herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Arch Ophthalmol. (1973) 90:268–70. 20. Rejo A, Antti V, Jukka M. …