Результаты поиска

Nano-formulations in treatment of iron deficiency anaemia: An overview.

BACKGROUND: Iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a significant challenge to global health. The absorption and bioavailability depend on the delivery vehicle being used. Ferrous sulphate is a drug of choice for IDA but leads to frequent gastrointestinal tract side effects that force the patient to discontinue the treatment. Gastrointestinal side effects result from converting bivalent iron into trivalent iron accompanied by reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. Due to lower absorption, oral preparations of trivalent iron are recommended in patients with intolerance to ferrous sulphate. Nanosized…

Self-emulsifying Drug Delivery System for Oral Anticancer Therapy: Constraints and Recent Development.

Oral anticancer therapy faces several drawbacks: low aqueous solubility, poor and irregular absorption from gastrointestinal sites, high first-pass metabolism, food-influenced absorption, non-targeted delivery, severe systemic and local adverse effects, etc. Enhancement of oral bioavailability could reduce the drug load and associated adverse effects. Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) can enhance in-vivo solubility and drug absorption from the gastrointestinal tract, bypass liver metabolism by lymphatic absorption and inhibit efflux transport. All these phenomena ultimately result…

Nasal Delivery of Acute Medications for Migraine: The Upper Versus Lower Nasal Space.

The acute treatment of migraine requires effective drugs that are well tolerated and provide rapid and consistent pain relief. Oral tablets are the most commonly used acute treatment for migraine; however, their effectiveness is limited by the rate of gastrointestinal (GI) tract absorption and first-pass hepatic metabolism, and they may not be ideal for patients experiencing GI motility issues. Nasal delivery is an attractive alternative route as it may circumvent GI tract absorption, avoid first-pass metabolism in the liver, and potentially reduce the frequency of GI adverse events. The large…

Recycling Polymeric Solid Wastes for Energy-Efficient Water Purification, Organic Distillation, and Oil Spill Cleanup.

Conventional approaches (e.g., pyrolysis) for managing waste polymer foams typically require highly technical skills and consume large amoun … cations, including energy-efficient solar-powered water purification, ethanol distillation, and oil absorption. In water purification, the PMF yields a solar-thermal conversion efficiency as high as 87.7%, stability that is maintained for more than 35 operation cycles, and antifouling capabilities (when purifying different water types). In solar distillation …

Biopharmaceutical characterization of rebamipide: The role of mucus binding in regional-dependent intestinal permeability.

In this study, we aimed to elucidate biopharmaceutical characteristics of the anti-ulcer drug rebamipide, with special emphasis on the influence of gastrointestinal (GI) mucus on rebamipide segmental-dependent permeability and absorption. Experimental studies and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (GastroPlusTM) simulations were used to elucidate segmental-dependent absorption and pharmacokinetic (PK) profile, accounting for various drug properties, including solubility/dissolution limitations, regional-dependent drug affinity to mucus and membrane permeability, as well as physiological fac…

Separation, identification and quantification of carotenoids and chlorophylls in dietary supplements containing Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina platensis using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography.

In this study, 14 commercial products (dietary supplements) containing alga Chlorella vulgaris and cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis, originated from China and Japan, were analysed. UV-vis spectrophotometric method was applied for rapid determination of chlorophylls, carotenoids and pheophytins; as degradation products of chlorophylls. High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was used for effective separation of these compounds, and also Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for determination of heavy metals as indicator of environmental pollution. Based on the results obtained from UV-vis …

Intestinal invalidation of the glucose transporter GLUT2 delays tissue distribution of glucose and reveals an unexpected role in gut homeostasis.

OBJECTIVE: Intestinal glucose absorption is orchestrated by specialized glucose transporters such as SGLT1 and GLUT2. However, the role of GLUT2 in the regulation of glucose absorption remains to be fully elucidated. METHODS: We wanted to evaluate the role of GLUT2 on glucose absorption and glucose homeostasis after intestinal-specific deletion of GLUT2 in mice (GLUT2ΔIEC mice). RESULTS: As anticipated, intestinal GLUT2 deletion provoked glucose malabsorption as visualized by the delay in the distribution of oral sugar in tissues. Consequences of intestinal GLUT2 deletion in GLUT2ΔIEC mice w…

Review: The potential of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as a vehicle for iron biofortification.

Common beans are a staple food and the major source of iron for populations in Eastern Africa and Latin America. Bean iron concentration is high and can be further increased by biofortification. A major constraint to bean iron biofortification is low iron absorption, attributed to inhibitory compounds such as phytic acid (PA) and polyphenol(s) (PP). We have evaluated the usefulness of the common bean as a vehicle for iron biofortification. High iron concentrations and wide genetic variability have enabled plant breeders to develop high iron bean varieties (up to 10 mg/100 g). PA concentrations…

Role of the gut in lipid homeostasis.

Intestinal lipid transport plays a central role in fat homeostasis. Here we review the pathways regulating intestinal absorption and delivery of dietary and biliary lipid substrates, principally long-chain fatty acid, cholesterol, and other sterols. We discuss the regulation and functions of CD36 in fatty acid absorption, NPC1L1 in cholesterol absorption, as well as other lipid transporters including FATP4 and SRB1. We discuss the pathways of intestinal sterol efflux via ABCG5/G8 and ABCA1 as well as the role of the small intestine in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) biogenesis and reverse chole…

Ezetimibe and vascular inflammation.

Atherosclerosis is an inflammation-based complex vascular disorder which causes coronary artery disease, stroke and peripheral artery diseas … otein (CRP). Another recently established cholesterol lowering tool using an intestinal cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, has been applied for clinical treatment of hypercholesterolemia for several reasons. First, hypercholesterolemia is associated with increased intestinal cholesterol absorption. Second, low cholesterol absorption prevents cardio …

Coordinated epithelial NHE3 inhibition and barrier dysfunction are required for TNF-mediated diarrhea in vivo.

Acute T cell-mediated diarrhea is associated with increased mucosal expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including the TNF superfamily members TNF and LIGHT. While we have previously shown that epithelial barrier dysfunction induced by myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is required for the development of diarrhea, MLCK inhibition does not completely restore water absorption. In contrast, although TNF-neutralizing antibodies completely restore water absorption after systemic T cell activation, barrier function is only partially corrected. This suggests that, while barrier dysfunction is criti…

Massive small bowel resection in neonates--is weaning from parenteral nutrition the final goal?

Eight surviving cases from an original 15 pediatric patients who underwent massive small bowel resection during their neonatal period were r … od, whereas 3 who did not receive nutritional management exhibited growth retardation. The D-Xylose absorption test revealed gradual improvement and finally normal absorption in all except one case with the shortest remaining intestine (27 cm). However, the fat absorption test revealed abnormal absorption in cases with a residual intestine of less than 45 cm …

Патогенез диареи Шигеллы. XVI. Выборочное попадание шига токсина в виллусные клетки кролика jjunum объясняет воздействие токсина на перенос кишечного электролита.

Для изучения механизма, с помощью которого шига токсин изменяет кишечную воду и перенос электролита, лигированные петли кролика jejunum были инкубированы в vivo очищенным токсином, а затем изучены в vivo с помощью одноразового перфузии и in vitro методом нагнетания напряжения в камере Ussing. Токсичное воздействие привело к аккумуляции воды в веджюнальном люмене в связи с уменьшением активного поглощения базальной NaCl. Было также сокращено поглощение на основе глюкозы и аланина, в то время как токсин не оказывает воздействия ни на базальный короткоцепный ток, ни на скрытую реакцию на теофилли

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
To examine the mechanism by which Shiga toxin alters intestinal water and electrolyte transport, ligated loops of rabbit jejunum were incuba … sure led to accumulation of water in the jejunal lumen, associated with decreased active basal NaCl absorption. Glucose- and alanine-stimulated Na absorption were also reduced, while toxin had no effect on either basal short-circuit current or the secretory response to theophylline. These observations suggest that Shiga toxin selectively inhibits NaCl absorp …

Acidification is inhibited in late proximal convoluted tubule during chronic metabolic alkalosis.

In vivo microperfusion was used to assess the changes in the active and passive components of bicarbonate absorption in the rat late proximal tubule during chronic metabolic alkalosis. In tubules perfused with 40 mM bicarbonate, net bicarbonate absorption was inhibited and normal flow dependence was attenuated during alkalosis, compared with values in normal tubules perfused with 40 or even 25 mM bicarbonate concentrations. Under all conditions, bicarbonate back leak was small and contributed little to alterations in net bicarbonate transport, even though bicarbonate permeability was reduced b…

Origin of cholesterol transported in intestinal lymph: studies in patients with filarial chyluria.

In subjects fed a cholesterol-free diet there are three possible sources of intestinal lymph cholesterol: a) mucosal synthesis; b) absorption of endogenous (biliary) cholesterol; and c) transudation of plasma lipoproteins into the lacteals of the intestinal wall. To test these possibilities, the extent of transudation was measured by means of [3H]beta-sitosterol administered intravenously as a marker. Absorption of biliary cholesterol was reduced by oral administration of beta-sitosterol (9 g/day), and mucosal synthesis of cholesterol was evaluated by comparisons of plasma/lymph [14C]cholester…

Management of Neuromuscular Blocking Drug Extravasation With Sugammadex: A Case Report.

Extravascular infiltration of neuromuscular blocking drugs (NMBDs) is a perioperative complication that may result in delayed and recurrent paralysis due to gradual systemic absorption from subcutaneous tissue. We report the case of a 64-year-old female who experienced inadvertent peripheral intravenous infiltration (PIV) during intraoperative administration of vecuronium and rocuronium. Following routine reversal with sugammadex, she developed recurrent episodes of respiratory compromise and profound weakness in the post-anesthesia care unit, consistent with delayed absorption of the extravas…

Intramolecular Charge Transfer and Spin-Orbit Coupled Intersystem Crossing in Hypervalent Phosphorus(V) and Antimony(V) Porphyrin Black Dyes.

Porphyrin dyes with strong push-pull type intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) character and broad absorption across the visible spectrum are reported. This combination of properties has been achieved by functionalizing the periphery of hypervalent and highly electron-deficient phosphorus(V) and antimony(V) centered porphyrins with electron-rich triphenylamine (TPA) groups. As a result of the large difference in electronegativity between the porphyrin ring and the peripheral groups, their absorption profiles show several strong charge transfer transitions, which in addition to the porphyrin-ce…

Aster-dependent nonvesicular transport facilitates dietary cholesterol uptake.

Intestinal absorption is an important contributor to systemic cholesterol homeostasis. Niemann-Pick C1 Like 1 (NPC1L1) assists in the initial step of dietary cholesterol uptake, but how cholesterol moves downstream of NPC1L1 is unknown. We show that Aster-B and Aster-C are critical for nonvesicular cholesterol movement in enterocytes. Loss of NPC1L1 diminishes accessible plasma membrane (PM) cholesterol and abolishes Aster recruitment to the intestinal brush border. Enterocytes lacking Asters accumulate PM cholesterol and show endoplasmic reticulum cholesterol depletion. Aster-deficient mice h…

Selective Chromogenic Recognition of Copper(II) Ion by Thiacalix[4]arene Tetrasulfonate and Mechanism.

Detection of biologically important transition metal ions such as copper by using a simple method is desirable and of great importance. In this work, we firstly reported that water-soluble thiacalix[4]arene tetrasulfonate (TCAS) exhibited selective chromogenic recognition towards copper(II) ion over other transition metal ions. Color change from colorless to salmon pink was observed in TCAS solution, weak bathochromic shift was induced in UV absorption spectrum of TCAS upon addition of copper(II) ion, and the absorbance of characteristic absorption band at 312 nm increased linearly with copper…

New Opportunities in Mid-Infrared Emission Control.

Tunable laser absorption spectroscopy (TLAS) has been well accepted as a preferred measurement technique for many industrial applications in recent years, especially for in situ applications. Previously, mainly near-infrared lasers have been used in TLAS sensors. The advent of compact mid-infrared light sources, like quantum cascade lasers and interband cascade lasers, has made it possible to detect gases with better sensitivity by utilizing fundamental absorption bands and to measure species that do not have any absorption lines in the near-infrared spectral region. This technological advance…