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Brain Involvement in Leishmaniasis.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with the protozoan parasite Leishmania and it is a significant global health problem. The disease has a wide clinical spectrum, from tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) that encompasses cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML) and cutaneous-diffuse (CDL) forms, to the potentially fatal systemic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Neurological manifestations are not generally considered as classical clinical signs or symptoms of leishmaniasis, but in this review, we present evidence that this is a false assumption. We examine brain involvement in human …

Brain Mechanisms of Hypnosis.

Hypnosis is the longest-lasting of all psychotherapies and one of the oldest practiced methods for the control of pain and other stress-related chronic disorders [...].

Brain biomarkers for CRPS.

For complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), a number of brain biomarkers have been identified which show overlaps but also unique characteristics to other chronic pain syndromes. We here provide a review about possible brain biomarkers for CRPS and differentiate their role for A) diagnosis of CRPS, B) monitoring of time course of CRPS (e.g., during interventions) or C) outcome prediction and treatment stratification. In addition, the transition from the sub-chronic to the chronic phase is extremely important to investigate the development of a chronic pain syndrome. The use of these biomarkers …

Хормез и болезни мозга.

Хормезис, концепция, согласно которой низкие дозы потенциально вредных стрессовых факторов могут вызывать адаптивное, полезное воздействие, играет важную роль в здоровье мозга и старении. Neurohormesis означает адаптивную реакцию нейронов на легкий стресс и активацию путей, которые способствуют ремонту клеток. По мере старения мозга он испытывает нарушения в энергетическом метаболизме, окислительном стрессе, митохондриальной дисфункции и хроническом воспалении, все из которых способствуют нервно-дегенеративным заболеваниям, таким как инсульт, Паркинсон, Альцгеймер и множественный склероз (MS).

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Hormesis, the concept that low doses of potentially harmful stressors can elicit adaptive, beneficial effects, plays a significant role in brain health and aging. Neurohormesis refers to the adaptive response of neurons to mild stress, activating pathways that enhance cellular repair. As the brain ages, it experiences disruptions in energy metabolism, oxidat…

Metabolic Brain PET Connectivity.

This review examines the role of metabolic connectivity based on fluorodeoxyglucose-PET in understanding brain network organization across neurologic disorders, with a focus on neurodegenerative diseases. The article explores key methodologies for metabolic connectivity study and highlights altered connectivity patterns in Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, frontotemporal dementia, and other conditions. It also discusses emerging applications, including single-subject analyses and brain-organ interactions.

Military Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the military can involve distinct injury mechanisms, diagnostic challenges, treatments, and course of recovery. TBI has played a prominent role in recent conflicts, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Blast-related TBI in combat settings is often accompanied by other physical injuries. Military TBIs of all severities can lead to prolonged recoveries and persistent sequelae. The complex interplay between TBI, pain, and mental health conditions can significantly complicate diagnosis and recovery. Military and veteran health settings and programs provide c…

Tumefactive brain parenchymal neurosarcoidosis.

BACKGROUND: Enhancing brain parenchymal disease, and especially tumefactive lesions, are an uncommon manifestation of neurosarcoidosis. Little is known about the clinical features of tumefactive lesions and their impact on management and outcomes, which this study aims to characterize. METHODS: Patients with pathologically-confirmed sarcoidosis were retrospectively reviewed and included if brain lesions were: (1) intraparenchymal, (2) larger than 1 cm in diameter, and (3) associated with edema and/or mass effect. RESULTS: Nine patients (9/214, 4.2%) were included. Median onset age was 37 yea…

[Pediatric supratentorial brain tumors].

BACKGROUND: Pediatric brain tumors differ regarding location and histopathological features compared to those in adults. In children, 30% of pediatric brain tumors are supratentorial lesions. Low-grade astrocytomas, e.g. pilocystic astrocytoma or craniopharyngioma, are the most common tumors. IMAGING MODALITIES: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the default imaging technique that is used to evaluate the findings. Ultrasound and cranial computed tomography (CCT) accompany the imaging, although CCT is mainly used in emergency situations. TOPICS COVERED: The following article describes the mo…

Schizophrenia Outside the Brain.

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial mental disorder, characterized by positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations), negative symptoms (anhedonia, social withdraw), and cognitive symptoms (impairment of memory, learning, and executive functions). Despite the classic symptoms being related to the central nervous system, schizophrenia has been described by recent studies as a systemic disease, affecting other organs, tissues, and systems out of the brain. In this chapter, we summarize the main tissues and systems found affected in schizophrenic patients, both before and after antipsychotic adminis…

Tinnitus and Brain Stimulation.

The pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie the generation and maintenance of tinnitus are being unraveled progressively. Based on this … stigated in tinnitus patients, also without robust evidence for universal efficacy. Cortex and deep brain stimulation with implanted electrodes have shown benefit, yet there is insufficient data to support their routine clinical use. Recently, bimodal stimulation approaches have revealed promising results and it appears that targeting different sensory …

Outpatient stereotactic brain biopsies.

Outpatient neurosurgery is rising popularity leading to patients' satisfaction and cost-savings. Although several North-American teams have shown the safety of outpatient stereotactic brain biopsies, few data from other countries with different health care systems are available. We therefore conducted a feasibility and safety study on the outpatient stereotactic brain biopsies. We prospectively examined all the consecutive stereotactic brain biopsies performed in an outpatient setting at our tertiary medical center, between June 2018 and September 2020. Among the 437 patients who underwent ste…

Brain Circuits Underlying Narcolepsy.

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder manifesting symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness and often cataplexy, a sudden and involuntary loss of muscle activity during wakefulness. The underlying neuropathological basis of narcolepsy is the loss of orexin neurons from the lateral hypothalamus. To date numerous animal models of narcolepsy have been produced in the laboratory, being invaluable tools for delineating the brain circuits of narcolepsy. This review will examine the evidence regarding the function of the orexin system, and how loss of this wake-promoting system manifests in excessive da…

[Amyloid angiopathy brain hemorrhage].

Amyloid angiopathy (AA) is a selective deposition of amyloid in the walls of the brain vessels. It is a form of sporadic and localized amyloidosis, constituted by the Aβ4 protein, the same of Alzheimer's disease senile plaques. The most consistent clinical effect of AA is spontaneous brain hemorrhage (BH). It is the second most common cause of BH after arterial hypertension (HT). Other clinical manifestations are cognitive impairment and transient focal neurological episodes. AA BH is characteristically localized in the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter (lobar hemorrhage), consisten…

The Brain-Gut Team.

BACKGROUND: Interactions between brain and gut have been suspected for centuries but our understanding of the neural centers and neurohormonal links that establish bidirectional regulatory communication between these 2 body systems has advanced significantly in the last decades. The label "brain-gut axis" designates a useful but deceivingly simple concept, since the mechanistic complexity of brain-gut interaction is enormous. SUMMARY: The significance of the brain-gut axis is perhaps best conceived as "a team" since both systems are physiologically coordinated to ensure a healthy status. Howe…

Little Brain, Big Expectations.

The cerebellum has been implicated in the mechanisms of several movement disorders. With the recent reports of successful modulation of its functioning, this highly connected structure has emerged as a promising way to provide symptomatic relief not yet obtained by usual treatments. Here we review the most relevant papers published to date, the limitations and gaps in literature, discuss why several papers have failed in showing efficacy, and present a new way of stimulating the cerebellum. References for this critique review were identified by searches on PubMed for the terms "Parkinson's dis

Neurogenesis and brain aging.

Human aging affects the entire organism, but aging of the brain must undoubtedly be different from that of all other organs, as neurons are highly differentiated postmitotic cells, for the majority of which the lifespan in the postnatal period is equal to the lifespan of the entire organism. In this work, we examine the distinctive features of brain aging and neurogenesis during normal aging, pathological aging (Alzheimer's disease), and accelerated aging (Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome and Werner syndrome).

Paediatric traumatic brain injury.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: To provide a summary of recent developments in the field of paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). RECENT FINDINGS: The epidemiology of paediatric TBI with falling rates of severe TBI, and increasing presentations of apparently minor TBI. There is growing interest in the pathophysiology and outcomes of concussion in children, and detection of 'significant' injury, arising from concern about risks of long-term chronic traumatic encephalopathy. The role of decompressive craniectomy in children is still clarifying. SUMMARY: Paediatric TBI remains a major public health issue…

Brain Vasculature and Cognition.

There is a complex interaction between the brain and the cerebral vasculature to meet the metabolic demands of the brain for proper function. Preservation of cerebrovascular function and integrity has a central role in this sophisticated communication within the brain, and any derangements can have deleterious acute and chronic consequences. In almost all forms of cognitive impairment, from mild to Alzheimer disease, there are changes in cerebrovascular function and structure leading to decreased cerebral blood flow, which may initiate or worsen cognitive impairment. In this focused review, we…

Ironing out the Brain.

Our understanding of the broad principles of cellular and systemic iron homeostasis in man are well established with the exception of the brain. Most of the proteins involved in mammalian iron metabolism are present in the brain, although their distribution and precise roles in iron uptake, intracellular metabolism and export are still uncertain, as is the way in which systemic iron is transferred across the blood-brain barrier. We briefly review current concepts concerning the uptake and distribution of iron in the brain, before turning to the ways in which brain iron homeostasis might be reg…