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Effect of combinations of marketed human anthelmintic drugs against Trichuris muris in vitro and in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are responsible for a huge public health burden, however treatment options are limited. The discovery and development of novel efficacious drugs or drug combinations for the treatment of STH infections therefore has a high research priority. METHODS: We studied drug combination effects using the main standard anthelmintics, albendazole, mebendazole, levamisole, pyrantel pamoate and ivermectin in the Trichuris muris model. Drug combinations were first tested in vitro and additive and synergistic combinations investigated further in vivo in…

Baicalin attenuates PD-1/PD-L1 axis-induced immunosuppression in piglets challenged with Glaesserella parasuis by inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and RAS/MEK/ERK signalling pathways.

Infection of piglets with Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) induces host immunosuppression. However, the mechanism underlying the immunosu … asuis was evaluated. Seventy piglets were randomly divided into the control group, infection group, levamisole group, BMS-1 group, 25 mg/kg baicalin group, 50 mg/kg baicalin group and 100 mg/kg baicalin group. Following pretreatment with levamisole, BMS-1 or baicalin, the piglets were challenged with 1 × 108 CFU of G. parasuis. Our results showed that baical …

In vitro levamisole selection pressure on larval stages of Haemonchus contortus over nine generations gives rise to drug resistance and target site gene expression changes specific to the early larval stages only.

There is some evidence that resistance to levamisole and pyrantel in trichostrongylid nematodes is due to changes in the composition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) which represent the drug target site. Altered expression patterns of genes coding for nAChR subunits, as well as the presence of truncated versions of several subunits, have been implicated in observed resistances. The studies have mostly compared target sites in worm isolates of very different genetic background, and hence the ability to associate the molecular changes with drug sensitivity alone have been clouded to…

Aminorex poisoning in cocaine abusers.

Levamisole is found in more than 80% of illicit cocaine seized within United States borders. Percentages are somewhat lower in Europe. In 2009, controlled in vivo studies demonstrated that horses metabolize levamisole to aminorex. Earlier this year our laboratory demonstrated that the same conversion occurs in man. Levamisole itself causes aplastic anemia and numerous reports have begun to appear in the literature, but the conversion of levamisole to aminorex is of much more concern. Aminorex ingestion was responsible for a five-year epidemic (1967-1972) of idiopathic pulmonary hypertension (I…

Adjuvant postoperative fluorouracil-modulated chemotherapy combined with pelvic radiation therapy for rectal cancer: initial results of intergroup 0114.

PURPOSE: The combination of radiation therapy with fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy is generally accepted as appropriate postoperative therapy for patients with adenocarcinomas of the rectum that extend through the bowel wall or with lymph nodes positive for tumor. We attempted to determine whether the efficacy of this postoperative therapy could be improved by the addition of leucovorin and/or levamisole. METHODS: A total of 1,696 patients were randomized and eligible for treatment with one of four treatment schemes. All patients received two cycles of bolus 5-FU-based systemic chemoth…

Multiple anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus infecting sheep in Gangetic plains of India.

The status of anthelmintic resistance against benzimidazole (BZ), levamisole (LV) and ivermectin (IVM) was assessed in Haemonchus contortus at ten sheep flocks in Gangetic plains of India by using larval development assay (LDA) and PCR based molecular assays like allele specific PCR (AS-PCR) targeting SNP at F200Y of β- tubulin isotype-1 gene of H. contortus (BZ resistance) and PCR targeting insertion or deletion of 63 bp in acr-8b gene of H. contortus (LV resistance). Resistance to benzimidazole was detected in 10/10 flocks, levamisole resistance in 3/10 flocks, and ivermectin resistance in 2…

[Effectiveness of various programs of immunocorrective therapy in chronic infectious-inflammatory diseases].

An immunological study of patients with chronic pneumonia, osteomyelitis, pyoderma and candidosis showed various changes in cellular immunity values within each nosological group of examined patients. The efficacy of levamisole therapy was higher in the group of patients where an increase in the number of E-rosette forming cells and NBT-test values by more than 10% was noted in vitro in the presence of 10 micrograms/ml of levamisole as opposed to patients with a less increase in these values or their decrease. Nonspecific immunotherapy (levamisole, prodigiosan) following specific immunotherapy…

Cocaine-induced Vasculitis: Uncommon Manifestations in the Lower Extremities - A Case Report.

Levamisole-induced vasculitis is a recognized dermatopathologic phenomenon frequently observed in individuals engaged in illicit substance use, particularly cocaine. Levimasole's structural resemblance to cocaine leads to its utilization as a cutting or bulking agent, creating an illusion of unaltered purity. While this vasculitis typically manifests in cartilaginous areas such as the ears and nose, it can also occur, though less commonly, in the lower extremities. At the time of writing, our case is the 3rd case of levamisole induced vasculitis to affect the lower extremities. The primary the…

Comparative studies on the evaluation of the effect of new anthelminthics on various intestinal helminthiasis in Iran. Effects of anthelminthics on intestinal helminthiasis.

The effect of pyrantel pamoate, levamisole, mebendazole, thiabendazole and bephenium hydroxynaphthoate on various intestinal helminths were evaluated among the inhabitants of four villages in the Dezful area southwest of Iran. A total number of 328 persons, all infected simultaneously with Ascaris and hookworm (Ancylostoma duodenale) and 49.2% with Trichostrongylus spp., were randomly divided into six groups. One group was kept as the control and the other five were each treated with one compound. Follow-up examinations showed that all of the drugs used were highly effective on Ascaris, and th…

Ascaris and growth rates: a randomized trial of treatment.

Three hundred forty-one Tanzanian preschool children were randomly assigned to levamisole or placebo treatment given at three-month intervals. Weights and heights were measured at the tri-monthly treatment visits for a period of one year. Among the 273 children who were seen and weighed at the one-year follow-up visit, the rate of weight gain was 8 per cent greater for those receiving levamisole than for placebo-treated controls (p = .06). In 78 children known to be infected with Ascaris at baseline, the rate of weight gain was 21 per cent greater in children treated with levamisole than in th…

[When is it possible to discontinue therapy in pemphigus vulgaris?].

Discontinuation of therapy in pemphigus vulgaris is risky, even after long remission under therapy. In active pemphigus vulgaris, levamisole suppresses the formation of T-cell-rosettes. The change from suppression to stimulation under the influence of levamisole, parallel to the disappearance of pemphigus antibodies seems to indicate that the therapy may be discontinued with all due caution.

[Assessment of the Mitsuda reaction in lepromatous patients inactive before and after immunotherapy].

In this study the immunopotentiator levamisole as well as a mixture of BCG/Mycobacterium leprae were investigated in inactive lepromatous leprosy patients by using the Mitsuda reaction as a parameter. Twenty lepromatous patients ten years ago classified as histologically negative for Mitsuda's test were divided into three groups: five patients that were only retested with Mitsuda antigen; eight patients that received oral levamisol and seven patients that received a mixture of alive BCG plus autoclaved M. leprae. The results indicated that: 1) the levamisole did not alter the reactivity to lep…

Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in dairy calves within a pasture-based production system of south West Western Australia.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes among post-weaned calves aged between 4 and 12 months old within a pasture-based system of south west Australia and quantify the level of anthelmintic resistance. Pre-treatment FECs were monitored on 14 dairy farms. Anthelmintic resistance was assessed on 11 of the farms. Control FECs were compared with anthelmintic FECs at 14 days post-treatment with doramectin (injectable), levamisole (oral), fenbendazole (oral) and a levamisole/abamectin combination (pour-on). Results demonstrate a strong level of anth…

Изучение ацетилхолинового разнообразия рецептора в нематодном паразите приводит к характеристике чувствительных к племени и дерквантель NAChR.

Никотинические ацетилхолинные рецепторы (NAChRs) паразитических нематод, необходимые для движения тела, являются объектами важных "классических" антеллиментов, таких как левамизол и пирантель, а также "новых" антеллиментов, таких как племянник и дерквантель. Four Биофизические подтипы NAChR наблюдались электрофизиологически в мышцах тела нематодового паразита Оэзофагостома, но их молекулярная основа не была понята. Кроме того, потери one подтипов (G) 35 PS) было установлено, что оно связано с сопротивлением левамизолу. В настоящем исследовании мы выявили и выразили в Ксенопус-оцитах: four О. г

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) of parasitic nematodes are required for body movement and are targets of important "classical" anthelmintics like levamisole and pyrantel, as well as "novel" anthelmintics like tribendimidine and derquantel. Four biophysical subtypes of nAChR have been observed electrophysiologically in body muscle of the nematode p…

Long-term efficacy and safety of common steroid-sparing agents in idiopathic nephrotic children.

BACKGROUND: Calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and levamisole are common treatment choices for patients with frequently relapsing (FRNS) and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, we analyzed the relative efficacy and safety of tacrolimus, MMF, and levamisole over a period of 30 months, in treating 340 children with idiopathic FRNS/SDNS. The children received either MMF 1200 mg/m2 daily, or levamisole 2.5 mg/kg on alternate days, or tacrolimus 0.1-0.2 mg/kg daily along with tapering doses of alternate-day prednisolone.…

In Vivo Efficacy of Drugs against Toxoplasma gondii Combined with Immunomodulators.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of pyrimethamine (PYR) and sulfadiazine (SDZ) combined with levamisole and echinacea on the survival of mice infected with Toxoplasma gondii. For this, we used 99 specific pathogen-free BALB/c mice. All the mice were infected intraperitoneally with 10(5) T. gondii tachyzoites and were divided into 11 groups, each including 9 mice. Except for the control group, oral treatment was initiated in all groups 24 h post infection and was continued for 10 days. The treatment regimen included dual combinations of PYR (dose, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg/day) and SD…

Occupational blast injury resulting in traumatic corneal endothelial rings.

BACKGROUND: Recurrent aphthous ulcerations (RAU) are common oral inflammatory lesions. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine t … or Sjögren's syndrome (SS), and in 77 normal control subjects. Some RAU patients were treated with levamisole plus Chinese medicinal herbs or levamisole only for 0.5-5 months and their serum IL-6 levels were measured after treatment. RESULTS: We found that about 99% of the normal control subjects and the patients with EM, TU, or OSF had a serum IL-6 level …

Efficacy and acceptability of immunosuppressive agents for pediatric frequently-relapsing and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

INTRODUCTION: A network meta-analysis was conducted to regard the effects of available immunosuppressive medications in pediatric frequently-relapsing nephrotic syndrome (FRNS) and steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (SDNS). METHODS: We reviewed systematically 26 randomized controlled trials (1311 patients) that compared any of the following immunosuppressive agents to placebo/nontreatment (P/NT) or another drug for FRNS/SDNS treatment in children. RESULTS: The main outcomes were efficacy and acceptability. At the 6-month, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, levamisole, and rituximab had better…

Confirmation of the protective effect of Ascaris lumbricoides on Plasmodium falciparum infection: results of a randomized trial in Madagascar.

A controlled randomized trial of anti-helminthic treatment was undertaken in 1996-1997 in a rural area of Madagascar where populations were simultaneously infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, Plasmodium falciparum, and Schistosoma mansoni. Levamisole was administered bimonthly to 107 subjects, whereas 105 were controls. Levamisole was highly effective in reducing Ascaris egg loads in the treated group (P < 10(-3) at all visits), whereas it had no effect on schistosomiasis. Subjects 5-14 years of age, treated with levamisole, had a significant increase of their P. falciparum densities compared w…

Survey for drug-resistant trichostrongyle nematodes in ten commercial goat farms in west Malaysia.

The prevalence of drug-resistant parasites in goats in West Malaysia has rarely been reported. Ten commercial goat farms were surveyed for resistance to anthelminthics by measuring the reduction in faecal egg counts (FECs) after treatment with levamisole, pyrantel pamoate and fenbendazole. Resistance to fenbendazole was seen in most farms; there was no evidence of resistance to levamisole but some resistance to pyrantel pamoate was detected on one farm. The significance of the findings are discussed.