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Targeted Strategies of Adipose Stem Cells for Metabolic Diseases: Mechanisms and Clinical Translation Challenges.

Metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and atherosclerosis, represent a growing global health burden. Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) have emerged as promising therapeutic agents due to their multipotency, paracrine activity, and potential for engineering targeted interventions. This review highlights recent advances in targeted ADSC strategies, focusing on their mechanisms, clinical applications, and translational challenges. Key targeted approaches include engineered exosomes for precise immunomodulation, surface-modified ADSCs fo

Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Neurological Disorders: Mechanisms, Delivery Strategies, and a Translational Roadmap.

BACKGROUND: Neurological disorders-including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, neurodegenerative disease, chronic neuropathic and inflammatory pain, peripheral nerve injury, and selected psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders-remain major causes of death and disability. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells (hUC-MSCs) and their extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being investigated as regenerative and immunomodulatory products, but translation is constrained by product heterogeneity, limited direct clinical evidence, uncertain CNS exposure

Great Expectations: Induced pluripotent stem cell technologies in neurodevelopmental impairments.

Somatic cells such as skin fibroblasts, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, urinary epithelial cells, etc., are transformed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) by reprogramming technology, a milestone in the stem-cell research field. IPSCs are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs), exhibiting the potential to differentiate into various somatic cells. Still, the former avoid problems of immune rejection and medical ethics in the study of ESCs and clinical trials. Neurodevelopmental disorders are chronic developmental brain dysfunctions that affect cognition, exercise, social adapta

Congestive Heart Failure Cardiopoietic Regenerative Therapy (CHART-1) trial design.

AIMS: Cardiopoiesis is a conditioning programme that aims to upgrade the cardioregenerative aptitude of patient-derived stem cells through lineage specification. Cardiopoietic stem cells tested initially for feasibility and safety exhibited signs of clinical benefit in patients with ischaemic heart failure (HF) warranting definitive evaluation. Accordingly, CHART-1 is designed as a large randomized, sham-controlled multicentre study aimed to validate cardiopoietic stem cell therapy. METHODS: Patients (n = 240) with chronic HF secondary to ischaemic heart disease, reduced LVEF (<35%), and at h

Emerging methods to generate artificial germ cells from stem cells.

Germ cells are responsible for the transmission of genetic and epigenetic information across generations. At present, the number of infertile couples is increasing worldwide; these infertility problems can be traced to environmental pollutions, infectious diseases, cancer, psychological or work-related stress, and other factors, such as lifestyle and genetics. Notably, lack of germ cells and germ cell loss present real obstacles in infertility treatment. Recent research aimed at producing gametes through artificial germ cell generation from stem cells may offer great hope for affected couples

Arrhythmogenic risks of stem cell replacement therapy for cardiovascular diseases.

Ischemic heart disease and congestive heart failure are major contributors to high morbidity and mortality. Approximately 1.5 million cases of myocardial infarction occur annually in the United States; the yearly incidence rate is approximately 600 cases per 100,000 people. Although significant progress to improve the survival rate has been made by medications and implantable medical devices, damaged cardiomyocytes are unable to be recovered by current treatment strategies. After almost two decades of research, stem cell therapy has become a very promising approach to generate new cardiomyocyt

Concise review: transplantation of cultured oral mucosal epithelial cells for treating limbal stem cell deficiency-current status and future perspectives.

A number of diseases and external factors can deplete limbal stem cells, causing pain and visual loss. Ten years have passed since the first transplantation of cultured oral mucosal epithelial cells in humans, representing the first autologous cell-based therapy for severe bilateral limbal stem cell deficiency. Its steady increase in popularity since then can be attributed to the accumulating evidence of its efficacy in reverting limbal stem cell deficiency. In this review, the focus is on clinical, and to a lesser degree laboratory, features of cultured oral mucosal epithelial transplants ove

Advances and Challenges in Cancer Stem Cells for Onco-Therapeutics.

Six decades have passed since the foundational recognition of the primary properties of the stem cells. Research on stem cells has since remained at the forefront of efforts to combat a spectrum of diseases, most notably cancer. Despite remarkable progress in medical science, a definitive cure for cancer has remained elusive, spurring the pursuit of diverse therapeutic strategies, among which stem cell therapy is a particularly promising avenue. Moreover, the utilization of cancer stem cells as a therapeutic source holds immense potential for addressing intractable diseases. The strategy of ta

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… The field of cancer stem cell research is rapidly evolving, with ongoing developments in CSC biology and therapeutic strategies. … Stem Cell Research & Therapy . 2021;12 doi: 10.1186/s13287-021-02521-4.492 82. Qu J., Kalyani F. S., Liu L., Cheng T., Chen L. Tumor organoids: synergistic applications, current challenges, and future prospects in cancer therapy. …

Application of stem cell-derived exosomes in skin wound healing: mechanisms, prospects, and challenges.

As the largest organ of the human body, the skin is essential for maintaining systemic homeostasis; however, it remains highly susceptible to injury and wound formation, posing a significant clinical and economic burden. Wound healing is a complex, tightly coordinated process that progresses through overlapping phases of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Exosomes, nanoscale extracellular vesicles (50-150 nm in diameter) secreted by various cell types, have emerged as critical mediators of intercellular communication. Laden with bioactive molecules such as proteins

Stem cells and the evolving notion of cellular identity.

Stem cells are but one class of the myriad types of cells within an organism. With potential to self-renew and capacity to differentiate, stem cells play essential roles at multiple stages of development. In the early embryo, pluripotent stem cells represent progenitors for all tissues while later in development, tissue-restricted stem cells give rise to cells with highly specialized functions. As best understood in the blood, skin and gut, stem cells are the seeds that sustain tissue homeostasis and regeneration, while in other tissues like the muscle, liver, kidney and lung, various stem or

Sweat gland regeneration after burn injury: is stem cell therapy a new hope?

Stem cells are the seeds of tissue repair and regeneration and a promising source for novel therapies. The skin of patients with an extensive deep burn injury is repaired by a hypertrophic scar without regeneration of sweat glands and therefore loses the function of perspiration. Stem cell therapy provides the possibility of sweat gland regeneration. In particular, recent studies have reported the reprogramming of mesenchymal stromal cells into sweat gland-like (SGL) cells. We present an overview of recent researches into sweat gland regeneration with stem cells. Difficulties of sweat gland re

From organoids to organs: Bioengineering liver grafts from hepatic stem cells and matrix.

Due to the complex function and structure of the liver, resourceful solutions for treating end-stage liver disease are required. Currently, liver transplantation is the only curative therapeutic option. However, due to a worldwide donor shortage, researchers have been looking in other fields for alternative sources of transplantable liver tissue. Recent advances in our understanding of liver physiology, stem cell and matrix biology, have accelerated tissue engineering research. Most notable is the discovery of a culture system to grow liver-like organoids from human hepatic stem cells. The ext

Stem cell-based therapies in pediatric disorders: translational advances, unresolved challenges, and future horizons.

Pediatric disorders consist of genetic, hematologic, neurologic, autoimmune, and inflammatory diseases. These conditions impose long-term health challenges on children, despite many advancements with conventional medicine. Although conventional treatments increase life expectancy and provide better disease control, many present challenges such as toxicity, insufficient control of the disease, and adverse effects on normal growth, development, and quality of life. Many researchers have shown increased interest in using stem cell therapies as an alternative to current medications to allow for co

Addressing the challenges of immunogenicity, heterogeneity and tumorigenicity in the clinical translation of human embryonic stem cells.

The clinical translation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) presents promising potential for regenerative medicine, offering innovative treatments for a diverse array of conditions including neurodegenerative diseases, spinal cord injuries, diabetes, and heart disease. This review article navigates the complex landscape of hESCs application, centering on the challenges of tumorigenicity, immunogenicity, and heterogeneity that impede their clinical translation. Tumorigenicity poses a significant safety concern, necessitating the development of stringent differentiation protocols to prevent t

Effects of advanced glycation end products on stem cell.

In recent years, stem cell therapy has become a pivotal component of regenerative medicine. Stem cells, characterized by their self-renewal capacity and multidirectional differentiation potential, can be isolated from a variety of biological tissues, including adipose tissue, bone marrow, the umbilical cord, and the placenta. The classic applications of stem cells include human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, numerous factors can influence the normal physiological function of stem cells. For instance, in diabetes mellitus, advanced glycation end produ

Heterogeneity of Stem Cells in the Ovary.

Every organ in the body is thought to harbor two populations of stem cells, including the quiescent and the actively dividing, that leads to heterogeneity among them. It is generally believed that the ovary harbors a fixed number of follicles at birth that differentiate during fetal development from the primordial germ cells. The numbers of follicles decrease by age, leading to menopause. However, in 2004, it was suggested that ovary may harbor stem cells that are possibly involved in the formation of new follicles throughout reproductive life. Research over little more than a decade shows tha

The potential for cell-based therapy in perinatal brain injuries.

Perinatal brain injuries are a leading cause of cerebral palsy worldwide. The potential of stem cell therapy to prevent or reduce these impairments has been widely discussed within the medical and scientific communities and an increasing amount of research is being conducted in this field. Animal studies support the idea that a number of stem cells types, including cord blood and mesenchymal stem cells have a neuroprotective effect in neonatal hypoxia-ischemia. Both these cell types are readily available in a clinical setting. The mechanisms of action appear to be diverse, including immunomodu

A new dawn for Parkinson's disease: commentary on the emergence of stem cell-based therapies.

The field of regenerative medicine for Parkinson's disease (PD) has reached a pivotal moment. After decades of preclinical research, recent first-in-human clinical trials demonstrated that cell replacement therapy using stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons is not only feasible and safe but also shows promising signs of efficacy. Here we analyze three landmark 2025 studies, including the phase I/II trial of allogeneic induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic progenitors, that mark a significant leap forward for PD therapy. We discuss principles underpinning the therapy, the historic

A Mini-Review of Current Treatment Approaches and Gene Therapy as Potential Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus Types 1.

Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a chronic condition characterized by the loss or dysfunction of β-cells in the pancreas, resulting in insufficient insulin production. This mini-review examines current treatment approaches and explores the potential of gene therapy as interventions for type 1 diabetes mellitus. The discussed strategies include β-cell sensitization, β-cell regeneration from various cell sources, stem cell therapies, and the promotion of β-cell replication. The article emphasizes the importance of understanding the pathways involved in β-cell proliferation and the factors influencing