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The Role of Glial Cells in Regulating Feeding Behavior: Potential Relevance to Anorexia Nervosa.

Eating behavior is controlled by hypothalamic circuits in which agouti-related peptide-expressing neurons when activated in the arcuate nucleus, promote food intake while pro-opiomelanocortin-producing neurons promote satiety. The respective neurotransmitters signal to other parts of the hypothalamus such as the paraventricular nucleus as well as several extra-hypothalamic brain regions to orchestrate eating behavior. This complex process of food intake may be influenced by glia cells, in particular astrocytes and microglia. Recent studies showed that GFAP+ astrocyte cell density is reduced in…

IL-1 reprogramming of adult neural stem cells limits neurocognitive recovery after viral encephalitis by maintaining a proinflammatory state.

Innate immune responses to emerging RNA viruses are increasingly recognized as having significant contributions to neurologic sequelae, espe … ogenesis is prevented in the absence of IL-1 signaling in NSC, indicating that only newly generated astrocytes exert neurotoxic effects, preventing synapse repair and promoting spatial learning deficits. Ex vivo evaluation of IL-1β-treated adult hippocampal NSC revealed the upregulation of developmental differentiation pathways that derail adult neurogenesis …

Physiology and Morphological Correlates of Excitatory Transmission are Preserved in Glutamine Transporter SN1-Depleted Mouse Frontal Cortex.

Glutamine is an astroglia-derived precursor of the neurotransmitter glutamate, and its astroglia-to-neuron transfer is controlled by distinct glutamine transporters on the astrocytic and neuronal sites. In this study, we focused on the role of astrocytic glutamine efflux-mediating system N transporter SN1 in the maintenance of glutamatergic neurotransmission by analyzing the electrophysiological parameters ex vivo in the brain slices from control mice and mice in which vivo-morpholino technique was used to diminish SN1 protein. The glutamatergic transmission was characterized by electrophysiol

Retinal and optic nerve degeneration in liver X receptor β knockout mice.

The retina is an extension of the brain. Like the brain, neurodegeneration of the retina occurs with age and is the cause of several retinal … ange in the level of apoptosis or autophagy in the ganglion cells and no activation of microglia or astrocytes. However, in the optic nerve there is a loss of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) in astrocytes and an increase in activation of microglia. Since loss of AQP4 and microglial activation in the optic nerve precedes the loss of ganglion cells, and accumulation of Aβ …

Neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) are autoimmune demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), having distinct immunological and pathological features. They have two pathogenic components, 'inflammation' and 'neurodegeneration', with different degrees of severity and pathogenetic mechanisms. The target antigen of autoimmunity in NMO is the water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4), and antibodies directed against this antigen result in astrocyte damage. MS is a disease primarily affecting myelin and oligodendrocytes, but thus far, no MS-specific autoantigen has been i

Adaptive changes of extracellular amino acid concentrations in mouse dorsal striatum by 4-AP-induced cortical seizures.

The striatum is a major target of cerebral cortical output. The cortico-striatal projection has been well described, however, the neurochemi … ase of alanine levels which are thought to reflect glutamate and pyruvate metabolism in neurons and astrocytes. These observations possibly delineate adaptive changes of striatal metabolism by severe cortical seizures.

Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells is associated with neural differentiation and functional improvement in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage.

AIMS: To examine whether transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) induces neural differentiation and improves neural function i … r data demonstrated that ADSCs differentiated into cells that shared the similarities of neurons or astrocytes in vitro. Transplantation of ADSCs decreased cell apoptosis and the transplanted ADSCs were able to differentiate into neuron-like and astrocyte-like cells around the hematoma, accompanied with upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor expr …

Gonadal hormone regulation of glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the medial amygdala subnuclei across the estrous cycle and in castrated and treated female rats.

The medial amygdala (MeA) is a sexually dimorphic area that modulates neuroendocrine and behavioral activities and where gonadal hormones play an important role in neuron-glial and synaptic plasticity. Immunohistochemistry was used to identify the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the different MeA subnuclei--anterodorsal (MeAD), posterodorsal (MePD) and posteroventral (MePV)--of intact female rats in the different phases of the estrous cycle and in ovariectomized females treated with hormonal substitutive therapy. Data semi-quantified by optical densitometry showed t

Biology of oligodendrocyte and myelin in the mammalian central nervous system.

Oligodendrocytes, the myelin-forming cells of the central nervous system (CNS), and astrocytes constitute macroglia. This review deals with the recent progress related to the origin and differentiation of the oligodendrocytes, their relationships to other neural cells, and functional neuroglial interactions under physiological conditions and in demyelinating diseases. One of the problems in studies of the CNS is to find components, i.e., markers, for the identification of the different cells, in intact tissues or cultures. In recent years, specific biochemical, immunological, and molecular mar…

Gastrin induces over-expression of genes involved in human U373 glioblastoma cell migration.

Astrocytic tumors are the most common and the most malignant primary tumors of the central nervous system. We had previously observed that gastrin could significantly modulate both cell proliferation and migration of astrocytoma cells. We have investigated in the present study which genes could be targeted by gastrin in tumor astrocyte migration. Using a subtractive hybridization PCR technique we have cloned genes differentially over-expressed in human astrocytoma U373 cells treated or not with gastrin. We found about 70 genes over-expressed by gastrin. Among the genes overexpressed by gastrin

[A clinicopathologic study of progressive subcortical vascular encephalopathy of the Binswanger type (PSVE)].

From an electron microscopic study I indicated that the number of nerve fibres per unit area in the frontal white matter was significantly l … ge of the white matter may contribute to VP observed in PSVE. The number of oligodendrocytes and of astrocytes was decreased in PSVE showing half of that in the deep white matter of the controls. This suggests that the loss of oligodendrocytes and astrocytes can play a role to the process of nerve fibres loss in PSVE. Not only the severe hyalinotic changes i …

Dissociation of microglial activation and neuropathic pain behaviors following peripheral nerve injury in the rat.

Peripheral nerve injury commonly leads to neuropathic pain states fostered, in part, by neuroimmunologic events. We used two models of neuropathic pain (L5 spinal nerve cryoneurolysis (SPCN) and chronic constriction injury (CCI)) to assess the role of spinal glial activation responses in producing pain behaviors. Scoring of glial responses subjectively encompassed changes in cell morphology, cell density and intensity of immunoreactivity with specific activation markers (OX-42 and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) for microglia and astrocytes, respectively). Glial responses were comp…

Pathologic alterations in the brain and liver in hyperpipecolic acidemia.

Pipecolic acid is a cyclic secondary imino acid produced in the metabolism of lysine. The metabolic role and fate of pipecolic acid in the h … ff (PAS) positive, diastase-resistant, Alcian blue-negative, non-lipid, non-fluorescent granules in astrocytes, satellite cells, and perivascular foot processes. Both light and electron microscopy showed total absence of these granules in neurons. In the older sibling, the liver showed micronodular cirrhosis with distinctive intrahepatocytic accumulation of …

[Neuropathologic markers in degenerative dementias].

The number of neuropathological markers used for the diagnosis of degenerative dementias is rapidly increasing, and this is somewhat confusi … ins). When seen in neuroglia, they are the chief constituents of various lesions that affect mainly astrocytes (abnormal tufts of fibres, astrocytic plaques, thorn-shaped astrocytes, spiny astrocytes) and also oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglial threads and coils, glial cytoplasmic inclusions). A beta peptides, in "preamyloid" and amyloid conformations, can b …

Unilateral cataract associated with eyelid ash-leaf macule in tuberous sclerosis complex.

A 9-month-old male child with tuberous sclerosis complex presented with ash-leaf macules on the left periocular region and ipsilateral dense cataract. Fundus showed retinal astrocytic hamartomas. This case is reported for unilaterality of congenital cataract on the same side of eyelid ash-leaf macule in tuberous sclerosis.

Serum and plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a progressive course that typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a key component of the astrocyte cytoskeleton, has been linked to schizophrenia, with abnormal GFAP levels observed in both brain tissue and peripheral blood samples. This study aims to systematically review and meta-analyze GFAP levels in schizophrenia patients to assess its potential as a biomarker of astrocytic damage. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science up to April 23, 2

Aquaporin‑4 polarization and glymphatic function in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, modulators, and therapeutic strategies.

Although Alzheimer's disease (AD) is traditionally viewed as a disorder of cerebral amyloid‑β (Aβ) accumulation, emerging evidence has shifted attention toward impaired clearance mechanisms as a primary driver of sporadic disease. Central to this paradigm shift is the glymphatic system and its obligate facilitator, aquaporin‑4 (AQP4), whose polarized localization at astrocytic endfeet is essential for efficient interstitial solute clearance. Loss of AQP4 polarization, termed depolarization, is consistently observed in AD mouse models as a driver of glymphatic failure and in human postmortem ti

Efgartigimod for steroid-resistant autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy: a case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) inhibitors rapidly and specifically clear serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels and, therefore, are increasingly used for the treatment of neurological autoimmune diseases, such as myasthenia gravis. However, whether FcRn inhibitors could alleviate steroid-unresponsive glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (GFAP-A) has not been reported. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a case of a 68-year-old male patient who presented with gait instability and numbness in the left hand. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed multiple demyelinating lesion

An ultrastructural map of a spinal sensorimotor circuit reveals the potential of astroglia modulation.

Information flow through circuits is dictated by the precise connectivity of neurons and glia. However, how glial-synaptic interactions are arranged within a single circuit to impact information flow remains understudied. Here, we use the local spinal sensorimotor circuit in zebrafish as a model to understand how neurons and astroglia are connected in a vertebrate circuit. With semi-automated cellular reconstructions and automated synaptic mapping of all cells, we identify the precise synaptic connections and the astroglia, including bona fide astrocytes, that physically associate with those s…

Нейротрофные факторы в множественном склерозе.

Запах воспаления и нейродегенерация, вызванные главным образом внутрипаренхимальной активацией иммунных клеток и глиарной дисфункцией, по-прежнему являются одной из основных терапевтических проблем в случае множественного склероза (MS) и в значительной степени способствуют развитию инвалидности. Текущая медикаментозная терапия, направленная на изменение состояния заболеваний, реально снижает коэффициент рецидива и, в меньшей степени, прогрессирует в развитии заболеваний, ориентируясь на периферийные иммунные клетки. В то же время они в значительной степени не решают проблемы, связанные с интри

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Smoldering inflammation and neurodegeneration, primarily driven by intraparenchymal immune cell activation and glial dysfunction, remains a … or development and maintenance of the CNS. They promote anti-inflammatory, protective phenotypes in astrocytes and microglia, support remyelination by enhancing oligodendrocyte precursor recruitment, maturation and survival, and exert direct neuroprotective effects. Exploring their role in MS offers a novel perspective on neuroimmune crosstalk and prevention …