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Dendritic cell engineered cTXN as new vaccine prospect against L. donovani.

Dendritic cells (DCs), as antigen-presenting cells, can reportedly be infected withLeishmaniaparasites and hence provide a better option to trigger T-cell primary immune responses and immunological memory. We consistently primed DCs during culture with purified recombinant cytosolic tryparedoxin (rcTXN) and then evaluated the vaccine prospect of presentation of rcTXN against VL in BALB/c mice. We reported earlier the immunogenic properties of cTXN antigen derived fromL. donovani when anti-cTXN antibody was detected in the sera of kala-azar patients. It was observed that cTXN antigen, when used

Influence of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns from Chondrocytes in Tissue-Engineered Cartilage.

To obtain stable outcomes in regenerative medicine, the quality of cells for transplantation is of great importance. Cellular stress potentially results in the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and activates immunological responses, affecting the outcome of transplanted tissue. In this study, we intentionally prepared necrotic chondrocytes that would gradually die and release DAMPs and investigated how the maturation of tissue-engineered cartilage was affected. Necrotic chondrocytes were prepared by a conventional heat-treatment method, by which their viability started to

A rationally-engineered IL-2 improves the antitumor effect of anti-CD20 therapy.

Anti-CD20 treatment represents a therapeutic benefit for patients with B-cell lymphomas, although more efficient therapies are needed for refractory or relapsing patients. Among them, the combination of anti-CD20 and IL-2 that induces T cell response has been hampered by the expansion of FoxP3+ Tregs that strongly express the high affinity IL-2 receptor (IL-2R αβγ). We explore here the anti-tumor effect of an anti-CD20 antibody combined with a mutated IL-2 (no-alpha mutein) which has a disrupted affinity for the IL-2R αβγ. We demonstrate that anti-CD20/no-alpha mutein combination significantly

Engineered Sn- and Mg-doped hematite photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation.

A feasible and cost-effective method was developed to improve the photoelectrochemical performance of the hematite (α-Fe2O3) photoanode. Using a hydrothermal method, tin (Sn) and magnesium (Mg) (co-)doped hematite films were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photon spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy. The average particle size of the α-Fe2O3 film varied from 150 to 300 nm. The photocurrent density of Sn-/Mg-co-doped α-Fe2O3 reached a maximum of 1.1 mA cm-2 at 1.23 VRHE, which increased approximately 3 times compared to that of pristine α-Fe2O3. It also yielded

One-pot synthesis and characterization of engineered hydrochar by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass with ZnCl2.

Hydrochar, the product of hydrothermal carbonization of biomass, is a sustainable alternative to other carbonaceous environmental sorbents. However, its use has been limited due to its low surface area. A one-pot biomass/metal salt co-hydrothermal synthesis method might improve its sorptive properties while retaining its efficient production characteristic. Thus, bamboo sawdust and zinc chloride (ZnCl2) were combined in a hydrothermal reactor (200 °C, 7 h) for preparing modified hydrochar. Compared to the non-modified hydrochar, the hydrochar produced with the addition of ZnCl2 during hydrothe

Molecularly Engineered 6FDA-Based Polyimide Membranes for Sour Natural Gas Separation.

Glassy polyimide membranes are attractive for industrial applications in sour natural gas purification. Unfortunately, the lack of fundamental understanding of relationships between polyimide chemical structures and their gas transport properties in the presence of H2 S constrains the design and engineering of advanced membranes for such challenging applications. Herein, 6FDA-based polyimide membranes with engineered structures were synthesized to tune their CO2 /CH4 and H2 S/CH4 separation performances and plasticization properties. Under ternary mixed sour gas feeds, controlling polymer chai…

Irregular Bone Defect Repair Using Tissue-Engineered Periosteum in a Rabbit Model.

BACKGROUND: In previous studies, we succeeded in repairing a long bone defect with tissue-engineered periosteum (TEP), fabricated by incorporating rabbit mesenchymal stem cells with small intestinal submucosa. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of allogeneic irregular bone defect repair using TEP. METHODS: We performed a subtotal resection of the scapula in 36 rabbits to establish a large irregular bone defect model. The rabbits were then randomly divided into three groups (n = 12 per group) and the defects were treated with TEP (Group 1), allogeneic deproteinized bone (DPB) (Grou

A physiologically-based nanocarrier biopharmaceutics model to reverse-engineer the in vivo drug release.

Over the years, a wide variety of nanomedicines has entered global markets, providing a blueprint for the emerging generics industry. They are characterized by a unique pharmacokinetic behavior difficult to explain with conventional methods. In the present approach a physiologically-based nanocarrier biopharmaceutics model has been developed. Providing a compartmental framework of the distribution and elimination of nanocarrier delivery systems, this model was applied to human clinical data of the drug products Doxil®, Myocet®, and AmBisome® as well as to the formulation prototypes Foslip® and

A New Mechanism of Light-Induced Bubble Growth to Propel Microbubble Piston Engine.

Radiation pressure refers to the momentum transfer of photons during light "particles" impacting a surface. The force is too small to drive microengines. Different from the classical radiation pressure, the indirect radiation pressure (Fm ) is introduced, coming from the momentum change of light-induced bubble expansion. Fm is shown to obey Fm ∼ (I·rb )2 , behaving faster growth of indirect radiation pressure versus light intensity I and bubble radius rb . An effective bubble size range is identified for Fm to suppress other forces for bubble in liquid. The top laser irradiation on nanofluid i

Biological approaches practised using genetically engineered microbes for a sustainable environment: A review.

Conventional methods used to remediate toxic substances from the environment have failed drastically, and thereby, advancement in newer reme … fective strategy in comparison with the other techniques. With the aid of biotechnology and genetic engineering, GEMs are designed by transforming microbes with a more potent protein to overexpress the desired character. GEMs such as bacteria, fungi and algae have been used to degrade oil spills, camphor, hexane, naphthalene, toluene, octane, xylene, halobenz …

Assessing seasonal dynamics of Guillain-Barré syndrome with search engine query data.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In previous studies, data deriving from Google Trends showed promising correlation with disease incidence trends assessed with public health control systems. The aim of this work is to use search engine query data to investigate seasonal dynamics in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in the USA. METHODS: Average Google monthly search volumes for GBS from 2008 to 2017 were analysed for the USA overall and on regional base with generalized estimating equation models. Association with monthly historical temperature variations was tested. RESULTS: Monthly search volume for G

Elucidating the role of Agl in bladder carcinogenesis by generation and characterization of genetically engineered mice.

Amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase,4-α-glucanotransferase (AGL) is an enzyme primarily responsible for glycogen debranching. Germline mutations lead to glycogen storage disease type III (GSDIII). We recently found AGL to be a tumor suppressor in xenograft models of human bladder cancer (BC) and low levels of AGL expression in BC are associated with poor patient prognosis. However, the impact of low AGL expression on the susceptibility of normal bladder to carcinogenesis is unknown. We address this gap by developing a germline Agl knockout (Agl-/-) mouse that recapitulates biochemical and histological fea

Structural and biochemical insights into an engineered high-redox potential laccase overproduced in Aspergillus.

Fungal laccases have great potential as biocatalysts oxidizing a variety of aromatic compounds using oxygen as co-substrate. Here, the crystal structure of 7D5 laccase (PDB 6H5Y), developed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and overproduced in Aspergillus oryzae, is compared with that of the wild type produced by basidiomycete PM1 (Coriolopsis sp.), PDB 5ANH. SAXS showed both enzymes form monomers in solution, 7D5 laccase with a more oblate geometric structure due to heavier and more heterogeneous glycosylation. The enzyme presents superior catalytic constants towards all tested substrates, with no

Engineered Substrate for Cyclooxygenase-2: A Pentapeptide Isoconformational to Arachidonic Acid for Managing Inflammation.

Beyond the conventional mode of working of anti-inflammatory agents through enzyme inhibition, herein, COX-2 was provided with an alternate substrate. A proline-centered pentapeptide isoconformational to arachidonic acid, which exhibited appreciable selectivity for COX-2, overcoming acetic acid- and formalin-induced pain in rats to almost 80%, was treated as a substrate by the enzyme. Remarkably, COX-2 metabolized the pentapeptide into small fragments consisting mainly of di- and tripeptides that ensured the safe breakdown of the peptide under in vivo conditions. The kinetic parameter Kcat/Km

Co-optimization of Heavy-Duty Fuels and Engines: Cost Benefit Analysis and Implications.

Heavy-duty vehicles require expensive aftertreatment systems for control of emissions such as particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) to comply with stringent emission standards. Reduced engine-out emissions could potentially alleviate the emission control burden, and thus bring about reductions in the cost associated with aftertreatment systems, which translates into savings in vehicle ownership. This study evaluates potential reductions in manufacturing and operating costs of redesigned emission aftertreatment systems of line-haul heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs) with reduced eng

Combinatorial targeting of cancer bone metastasis using mRNA engineered stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Bone metastases are common and devastating to cancer patients. Existing treatments do not specifically target the disease sites and are therefore ineffective and systemically toxic. Here we present a new strategy to treat bone metastasis by targeting both the cancer cells ("the seed"), and their surrounding niche ("the soil"), using stem cells engineered to home to the bone metastatic niche and to maximise local delivery of multiple therapeutic factors. METHODS: We used mesenchymal stem cells engineered using mRNA to simultaneously express P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1)

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… To further characterise if engineering affects MSC function, we performed additional osteogenic and adipogenic differentiations of our engineered MSC (Supplementary Fig. 1). … We showed that not only does mRNA engineering allow concurrent expression of multiple factors, but that it also leads to therapeutic efficacy similar to that of genetic engineering [ 19 ]. …

Tissue engineered indigenous pericardial patch urethroplasty: A promising solution to a nagging problem.

OBJECTIVE: Urethral stricture is a highly prevalent disease and has a continued rising incidence. The global burden of disease keeps rising … uccess and one (11.1%) was classified as failure. CONCLUSION: Our study brings a product of tissue engineering, already being used in the cardiovascular surgery domain, into the urological surgery operating room with satisfactory results achieved using standard operating techniques of one stage urethroplasty.

Evaluating the efficacy of tissue-engineered human amniotic membrane in the treatment of myocardial infarction.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of tissue-engineered amniotic membrane (AM) in the treatment of myocardial infarction lesions. MATERIALS & METHODS: 20 rats were subjected to coronary arterial ligation in order to induce myocardial infarction injury. Decellularized human AMs were seeded with 2 × 105 adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells and were implanted in the infarcted hearts. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations indicated the regeneration of cardiomyocytes and reduction of inflammation and fibrosis in the patch-implanted group com

Engineered Maturation Approaches of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Ventricular Cardiomyocytes.

Heart diseases such as myocardial infarction and myocardial ischemia are paroxysmal and fatal in clinical practice. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells provide a promising approach to myocardium regeneration therapy. Identifying the maturity level of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) is currently the main challenge for pathophysiology and therapeutics. In this review, we describe current maturity indicators for cardiac microtissue and microdevice cultivation technologies that accelerate cardiac maturation. It may provide insights in

Effect of short-term betamethasone administration on the regeneration process of tissue-engineered bone.

Local inflammation at the transplanted site of tissue-engineered bone may cause apoptosis of the transplanted cells, thus negatively affecting bone regeneration. To maximize the efficacy of bone tissue engineering, the local effect of short-term corticosteroid administration at the transplanted site of tissue-engineered bone was studied with respect to the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Compact bone-derived cells from mouse leg bones were isolated, cultured and seeded onto β-tricalcium phosphate granules. The constructs were transplanted to the back of syngeneic mice. Betamethasone sodi…