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Targeting tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment for pancreatic cancer immunotherapy: Current research and future perspective.

Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant tumors with increased incidence rate. The effect of surgery combined with chemoradiotherapy on survival of patients is unsatisfactory. New treatment strategy such as immunotherapy need to be investigated. The accumulation of desmoplastic stroma, infiltration of immunosuppressive cells including myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and regulatory T cells (Tregs), as well as tumor associated cytokine such as TGF-β, IL-10, IL-35, CCL5 and CXCL12 construct an immunosuppres

Exosomes for angiogenesis induction in ischemic disorders.

Ischaemic disorders are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. While the current therapeutic approaches have improved life expectancy and quality of life, they are unable to "cure" ischemic diseases and instate regeneration of damaged tissues. Exosomes are a class of extracellular vesicles with an average size of 100-150 nm, secreted by many cell types and considered a potent factor of cells for paracrine effects. Since exosomes contain multiple bioactive components such as growth factors, molecular intermediates of different intracellular pathways, microRNAs and nucleic acids, t

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… Am J Chin Med. 2015;43:1471‐1486. 88. Balmanno K, Cook SJ. Tumour cell survival signalling by the ERK1/2 pathway. Cell Death Differ. 2009;16:368‐377. 89. Ong S‐G, Lee WH, Huang M, et al. Cross talk of combined gene and cell therapy in ischemic heart disease: role of exosomal microRNA transfer. …

Hyaluronic Acid as a Modern Approach in Anticancer Therapy-Review.

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a linear polysaccharide and crucial component of the extracellular matrix (ECM), maintaining tissue hydration and tension. Moreover, HA contributes to embryonic development, healing, inflammation, and cancerogenesis. This review summarizes new research on the metabolism and interactions of HA with its binding proteins, known as hyaladherins (CD44, RHAMM), revealing the molecular basis for its distinct biological function in the development of cancer. The presence of HA on the surface of tumor cells is a sign of an adverse prognosis. The involvement of HA in malignancy h

Evolution of Molecular Targeted Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Novel Opportunities Identified by CRISPR-Cas9 Screening.

Molecular targeted therapy has revolutionized the landscape of cancer treatment due to better therapeutic responses and less systemic toxicity. However, therapeutic resistance is a major challenge in clinical settings that hinders continuous clinical benefits for cancer patients. In this regard, unraveling the mechanisms of drug resistance may identify new druggable genetic alterations for molecularly targeted therapies, thus contributing to improved therapeutic efficacies. The recent rapid development of novel methodologies including CRISPR-Cas9 screening technology and patient-derived models

Osteonecrosis of the Jaw and Antiresorptive Agents in Benign and Malignant Diseases: A Critical Review Organized by the ECTS.

CONTEXT: Antiresorptive therapy significantly reduces fracture risk in patients with benign bone disease and skeletal-related events (SREs) in patients with bone metastases (BM). Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a rare but severe condition manifested as necrotic bone lesion or lesions of the jaws. ONJ has been linked to the use of potent antiresorptive agents, termed medication-related ONJ (MRONJ). OBJECTIVE: We aimed to identify the differences various aspects of MRONJ among distinct patient categories and provide recommendations on how to mitigate the risk and optimally manage MRONJ in eac

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… Painful trigeminal neuropathy induced by oral bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: a new etiology for the numb-chin syndrome . Quintessence Int. 2012 ; 43 ( 2 ): 97 - 104 . 22257870 160. Allen MR , Ruggiero SL . …

Galectins in the Pathogenesis of Common Retinal Disease.

Diseases of the retina are major causes of visual impairment and blindness in developed countries and, due to an ageing population, their prevalence is continually rising. The lack of effective therapies and the limitations of those currently in use highlight the importance of continued research into the pathogenesis of these diseases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a major role in driving vascular dysfunction in retinal disease and has therefore become a key therapeutic target. Recent evidence also points to a potentially similarly important role of galectins, a family of β-g

A review on machine learning approaches and trends in drug discovery.

Drug discovery aims at finding new compounds with specific chemical properties for the treatment of diseases. In the last years, the approach used in this search presents an important component in computer science with the skyrocketing of machine learning techniques due to its democratization. With the objectives set by the Precision Medicine initiative and the new challenges generated, it is necessary to establish robust, standard and reproducible computational methodologies to achieve the objectives set. Currently, predictive models based on Machine Learning have gained great importance in t…

Sialyltransferase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cancer Metastasis: Current Challenges and Future Perspectives.

Potent, cell-permeable, and subtype-selective sialyltransferase inhibitors represent an attractive family of substances that can potentially be used for the clinical treatment of cancer metastasis. These substances operate by specifically inhibiting sialyltransferase-mediated hypersialylation of cell surface glycoproteins or glycolipids, which then blocks the sialic acid recognition pathway and leads to deterioration of cell motility and invasion. A vast amount of evidence for the in vitro and in vivo effects of sialyltransferase inhibition or knockdown on tumor progression and tumor cell meta

Facing CAR T Cell Challenges on the Deadliest Paediatric Brain Tumours.

Central nervous system (CNS) tumours comprise 25% of the paediatric cancer diagnoses and are the leading cause of cancer-related death in children. Current treatments for paediatric CNS tumours are far from optimal and fail for those that relapsed or are refractory to treatment. Besides, long-term sequelae in the developing brain make it mandatory to find new innovative approaches. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR T) therapy has increased survival in patients with B-cell malignancies, but the intrinsic biological characteristics of CNS tumours hamper their success. The location, heterogen

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… Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: Current insights and future directions Chin. Neurosurg. J. 2021 7 6 10.1186/s41016-020-00218-w 33423692 PMC7798267 52. Himes B.T. Zhang L. Daniels D.J. …

Cancer of Unknown Primary: Challenges and Progress in Clinical Management.

Distant metastases are the main cause of cancer-related deaths in patients with advanced tumors. A standard diagnostic workup usually contains the identification of the tissue-of-origin of metastatic tumors, although under certain circumstances, it remains elusive. This disease setting is defined as cancer of unknown primary (CUP). Accounting for approximately 3-5% of all cancer diagnoses, CUPs are characterized by an aggressive clinical behavior and represent a real therapeutic challenge. The lack of determination of a tissue of origin precludes CUP patients from specific evidence-based thera

The Proliferative and Apoptotic Landscape of Basal-like Breast Cancer.

Basal-like breast cancer (BLBC) is an aggressive molecular subtype that represents up to 15% of breast cancers. It occurs in younger patients, and typically shows rapid development of locoregional and distant metastasis, resulting in a relatively high mortality rate. Its defining features are that it is positive for basal cytokeratins and, epidermal growth factor receptor and/or c-Kit. Problematically, it is typically negative for the estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), which means that it is unsuitable for either hormone therapy or targeted HER2 therapy. As

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… Rogers S., McCloy R.A., Parker B.L., Gallego-Ortega D., Law A.M., Chin V.T., Conway J.R., Fey D., Millar E.K., O’Toole S. MASTL overexpression promotes chromosome instability and metastasis in breast cancer. Oncogene. 2018;37:4518–4533. doi: 10.1038/s41388-018-0295-z. 82. Marzec K.A., Burgess A. …

Harnessing the Therapeutic Potential of Capsaicin and Its Analogues in Pain and Other Diseases.

Capsaicin is the most predominant and naturally occurring alkamide found in Capsicum fruits. Since its discovery in the 19th century, the therapeutic roles of capsaicin have been well characterized. The potential applications of capsaicin range from food flavorings to therapeutics. Indeed, capsaicin and few of its analogues have featured in clinical research covered by more than a thousand patents. Previous records suggest pleiotropic pharmacological activities of capsaicin such as an analgesic, anti-obesity, anti-pruritic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and neur

8(th) Annual European Antibody Congress 2012: November 27-28, 2012, Geneva, Switzerland.

The 8th European Antibody Congress (EAC), organized by Terrapin Ltd., was again held in Geneva, Switzerland, following on the tradition established with the 4th EAC. The new agenda format for 2012 included three parallel tracks on: (1) naked antibodies; (2) antibody drug conjugates (ADCs); and (3) bispecific antibodies and alternative scaffolds. The meeting started and closed with three plenary lectures to give common background and to share the final panel discussion and conclusions. The two day event included case studies and networking for nearly 250 delegates who learned of the latest adva

Precision-Engineered CD3 T-Cell Engagers for Solid Tumours: Conditional Activation, Microenvironment Modulation, and Clinical Translation.

BackgroundT-cell-engaging bispecific antibodies (TCEs) have transformed haematological malignancy treatment (blinatumomab > 40% complete remission), yet solid tumour efficacy remains limited (MethodsReview of 55 phase I-III trials of CD3-based TCEs in solid tumours, including tarlatamab (DLL3-targeted, small-cell lung cancer) and xaluritamig (STEAP1-targeted, prostate cancer). Analysis of next-generation engineering strategies and resistance mechanisms via genomic and immunohistochemical data.ResultResponse rates now approach ~40% in selected settings, marking an inflection point. In extensive

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… Chin S.S. Abulizi A. Lai Z. Brown C. DeMaria W.G. EVOLVE platform, a trispecific T cell engager with integrated CD2 costimulation, for the treatment of solid and hematologic tumors Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2025 122 e2510829122 10.1073/pnas.2510829122 41252152 PMC12663936 27. Dewaele L. …

Ocular toxicity associated with antibody-drug conjugates in cancer therapy: a comprehensive review.

Ocular toxicity from anti-cancer drugs is frequently overlooked, largely because it is non-life-threatening, whereas clinical priorities often center on adverse events that pose immediate risks to survival. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have emerged as an important therapeutic modality in oncology, offering potent cytotoxicity against tumor cells through the targeted delivery of payloads. However, this potency also introduces a spectrum of toxicities, among which ocular toxicity has gained increasing attention. ADC-induced ocular toxicity can impair visual function and significantly compromi

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… Chin J Oncol. (2026) 48:1–12. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112152-20251013-00506, PMID: 127. Eaton JS, Miller PE, Mannis MJ, Murphy CJ. Ocular adverse events associated with antibody-drug conjugates in human clinical trials. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther. (2015) 31:589–604. doi: 10.1089/jop.2015.0064. PMID: 128. …

Integrating oncolytic adenoviruses into combination cancer therapy: Mechanisms, advances and clinical outlook.

BACKGROUND: Cancer represents a major global public health issue, and recent research has focused on improving the efficacy of existing therapeutic approaches. In this context, oncolytic viruses have emerged as promising treatment options for advanced and treatment-resistant malignancies. Among them, adenoviruses are the most extensively studied due to their favourable safety profile, biological versatility and ease of genetic modification to enhance therapeutic performance. MAIN BODY: Combination-based strategies integrating virotherapy with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or immunotherapy have b

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… Chin Clin Oncol. 2018;7(2):16. 57. McSharry BP, Burgert H‐G, Owen DP, et al. adenovirus E3/19K promotes evasion of NK cell recognition by intracellular sequestration of the NKG2D ligands major histocompatibility complex class I chain‐related proteins A and B. J Virol. 2008;82(9):4585‐4594. 58. …

From Pioneering Discoveries to Innovative Therapies: A Journey Through the History and Advancements of Nanoparticles in Breast Cancer Treatment.

Nanoparticle technology has revolutionized breast cancer treatment by offering innovative solutions addressing the gaps in traditional treatment methods. This paper aimed to comprehensively explore the historical journey and advancements of nanoparticles in breast cancer treatment, highlighting their transformative impact on modern medicine. The discussion traces the evolution of nanoparticle-based therapies from their early conceptualization to their current applications and future potential. We initially explored the historical context of breast cancer treatment, highlighting the limitations

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… Pereira B, Chin SF, Rueda OM, et al. The somatic mutation profiles of 2433 breast cancers refine their genomic and transcriptomic landscapes. Nat Commun . 2016;7(1):1–16. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11479 8. Lima ZS, Ghadamzadeh M, Arashloo FT, Amjad G, Ebadi MR, Younesi L. …

Urgent considerations on renal immune-related adverse events in oncology practice.

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have emerged as a critical component of hematological malignancies and solid malignant tumors therapy. However, clinical practice has revealed that these agents may induce immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Notably, renal irAEs stands out as a significant clinical concern, frequently necessitating treatment discontinuation and thereby enabling tumor progression. Renal irAEs constitutes a critical consideration for patients with cancer complicated by chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review systematically examines the immunologic pathoge

Integrating CRISPR/Cas technology with clinical trials: Principles, progress and challenges.

CRISPR represent a groundbreaking genome-editing technology that has revolutionized genetic modification. This innovative tool offers an unparalleled revolution in the future treatment of genetic disorders, neurological diseases, infectious diseases and cancer. Despite the rapid expansion of CRISPR applications, its clinical use in humans is still relatively limited, with only 69 active clinical trials and 6 completed studies reported so far. This review examined current clinical trials and their processes in addressing various diseases via the CRISPR/Cas system. While earlier literatures have

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… Kim D.Y., Lee J.M., Moon S.B., Chin H.J., Park S., Lim Y., et al. Efficient CRISPR editing with a hypercompact Cas12f1 and engineered guide RNAs delivered by adeno-associated virus. Nat Biotechnol. 2022;40(1):94–102. doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-01009-z. 169. …

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Algae-Derived Compounds in Hematological Malignancies.

Algae are a rich source of bioactive compounds that have a wide range of beneficial effects on human health and can show significant potential in the treatment of hematological malignancies such as leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma. These diseases often pose a therapeutic challenge despite recent advances in treatment (e.g., the use of immunomodulatory drugs, proteasome inhibitors, CD38 monoclonal antibodies, stem cell transplant, and targeted therapy). A considerable number of patients experience relapses or resistance to the applied therapies. Algal compounds, alone or in combination

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… Anti-Proliferative Activity of Phlorotannin Extracts from Brown Algae Laminaria Japonica Aresch Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 2010 28 122 130 10.1007/s00343-010-9054-x 129. Sansom C.E. Larsen L. Perry N.B. Berridge M.V. Chia E.W. Harper J.L. Webb V.L. …