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Exploring viral mimicry combined with epigenetics and tumor immunity: new perspectives in cancer therapy.

Viral mimicry refers to an active antiviral response triggered by the activation of endogenous retroviruses (ERVs), usually manifested by the formation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and activation of the cellular interferon response, which activates the immune system and produces anti-tumor effects. Epigenetic studies have shown that epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation, histone modifications, etc.) play a crucial role in tumorigenesis, progression, and treatment resistance. Particularly, alterations in DNA methylation may be closely associated with the suppression of ERVs expressio

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… 134 Ramsoomair CK Ceccarelli M Heiss JD Shah AH The epitranscriptome of high-grade gliomas: a promising therapeutic target with implications from the tumor microenvironment to endogenous retroviruses J Transl Med 2023 21 893 38071304 10.1186/s12967-023-04725-z PMC10709919 135 Chan FF Yuen VW Shen J Chin …

Exogenous α-ketoglutarate Modulates Redox Metabolism and Functions of Human Dendritic Cells, Altering Their Capacity to Polarise T Cell Response.

Alpha-ketoglutarate (αKG) emerged as a key regulator of energetic and redox metabolism in cells, affecting the immune response in various conditions. However, it remained unclear how the exogenous αKG modulates the functions of dendritic cells (DCs), key cells regulating T-cell response. Here we found that non-toxic doses of αKG display anti-inflammatory properties in human APC-T cell interaction models. In a model of monocyte-derived (mo)DCs, αKG impaired the differentiation, and the maturation of moDCs induced with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/interferon (IFN)-γ, and decreased their capacity to

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… Chin RM, Fu X, Pai MY, Vergnes L, Hwang H, Deng G. et al. The metabolite α-ketoglutarate extends lifespan by inhibiting ATP synthase and TOR. Nature. 2014;510(7505):397–401. doi: 10.1038/nature13264. 13. Su Y, Wang T, Wu N, Li D, Fan X, Xu Z. et al. …

B-cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension: friend, foe or bystander?

There is an unmet need for new therapeutic strategies that target alternative pathways to improve the prognosis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). As immunity has been involved in the development and progression of vascular lesions in PAH, we review the potential contribution of B-cells in its pathogenesis and evaluate the relevance of B-cell-targeted therapies. Circulating B-cell homeostasis is altered in PAH patients, with total B-cell lymphopenia, abnormal subset distribution (expansion of naïve and antibody-secreting cells, reduction of memory B-cells) and chronic acti

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… Chin Med Sci J 2010; 25: 27–31. doi: 10.1016/S1001-9294(10)60016-8 77. Bodolay E, Csipo I, Gál I, et al. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies in mixed connective tissue disease: frequency and association with clinical symptoms. Clin Exp Rheumatol 2004; 22: 409–415. 78. …

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Basic Biology and Immuno-Oncolytic Viruses.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most lethal subtype of breast cancer. TNBC diagnoses account for approximately one-fifth of all breast cancer cases globally. The lack of receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER-2, CD340) results in a lack of available molecular-based therapeutics. This increases the difficulty of treatment and leaves more traditional as well as toxic therapies as the only available standards of care in many cases. Recurrence is an additional serious problem, contributing substantially to its higher mortality rate as compared to

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… Chin S.-F. Turashvili G. Rueda O.M. Dunning M.J. Speed D. Lynch A.G. Samarajiwa S. Yuan Y. The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups Nature 2012 486 346 352 10.1038/nature10983 22522925 PMC3440846 32. Kalimutho M. Parsons K. Mittal D. López J.A. …

Clinical outcomes of chemotherapy in cancer patients with different ethnicities.

BackgroundChoosing the most effective chemotherapeutic agent with safest side effect profile is a common challenge in cancer treatment. Although there are standardized chemotherapy protocols in place, protocol changes made after extensive clinical trials demonstrate significant improvement in the efficacy and tolerability of certain drugs. The pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and tolerance of anti-cancer medications are all highly individualized. A driving force behind these differences lies within a person's genetic makeup.Recent findingsPharmacogenomics, the study of how an individual's g

Role of Next Generation Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor (ICI) Therapy in Philadelphia Negative Classic Myeloproliferative Neoplasm (MPN): Review of the Literature.

The Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-) myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), which include essential thrombocythemia (ET), polycythemia vera (PV), and myelofibrosis (MF), are enduring and well-known conditions. These disorders are characterized by the abnormal growth of one or more hematopoietic cell lineages in the body's stem cells, leading to the enlargement of organs and the manifestation of constitutional symptoms. Numerous studies have provided evidence indicating that the pathogenesis of these diseases involves the dysregulation of the immune system and the presence of chronic inflam

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… Chin. Med. J. 2008;121:1781–1786. doi: 10.1097/00029330-200809020-00005. 12. Skov V., Riley C.H., Thomassen M., Larsen T.S., Jensen M.K., Bjerrum O.W., Kruse T.A., Hasselbalch H.C. …

The Role of Exercise in Cancer-Related Sarcopenia and Sarcopenic Obesity.

One of the most common adverse effects of cancer and its therapeutic strategies is sarcopenia, a condition which is characterised by excess muscle wasting and muscle strength loss due to the disrupted muscle homeostasis. Moreover, cancer-related sarcopenia may be combined with the increased deposition of fat mass, a syndrome called cancer-associated sarcopenic obesity. Both clinical conditions have significant clinical importance and can predict disease progression and survival. A growing body of evidence supports the claim that physical exercise is a safe and effective complementary therapy f

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… Kim E.Y., Jun K.H., Kim S.Y., Chin H.M. Body Mass Index and Skeletal Muscle Index Are Useful Prognostic Factors for Overall Survival after Gastrectomy for Gastric Cancer: Retrospective Cohort Study. Medicine. 2020;99:e23363. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000023363. 62. …

From Cells to Environment: Exploring the Interplay between Factors Shaping Bone Health and Disease.

The skeletal system is an extraordinary structure that serves multiple purposes within the body, including providing support, facilitating movement, and safeguarding vital organs. Moreover, it acts as a reservoir for essential minerals crucial for overall bodily function. The intricate interplay of bone cells plays a critical role in maintaining bone homeostasis, ensuring a delicate balance. However, various factors, both intrinsic and extrinsic, can disrupt this vital physiological process. These factors encompass genetics, aging, dietary and lifestyle choices, the gut microbiome, environment

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… Wong S.K., Ima-Nirwana S., Chin K.-Y. Can telomere length predict bone health? A review of current evidence. Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci. 2020;20:423–429. doi: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4664. 20. Mirsaidi A., Kleinhans K.N., Rimann M., Tiaden A.N., Stauber M., Rudolph K.L., Richards P.J. …

Field-Deployable Treatments For Leishmaniasis: Intrinsic Challenges, Recent Developments and Next Steps.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease endemic primarily to low- and middle-income countries, for which there has been inadequate development of affordable, safe, and efficacious therapies. Clinical manifestations of leishmaniasis range from self-healing skin lesions to lethal visceral infection with chances of relapse. Although treatments are available, secondary effects limit their use outside the clinic and negatively impact the quality of life of patients in endemic areas. Other non-medicinal treatments, such as thermotherapies, are limited to use in patients with cutaneous leishman

Potential Adverse Effects of Dexamethasone Therapy on COVID-19 Patients: Review and Recommendations.

In the context of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the global healthcare community has raced to find effective therapeutic agents against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). To date, dexamethasone is the first and an important therapeutic to significantly reduce the risk of death in COVID-19 patients with severe disease. Due to powerful anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects, dexamethasone could attenuate SARS-CoV-2-induced uncontrolled cytokine storm, severe acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung injury. Nevertheless, dexamethasone tre

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… Yin L Li YB Wang YS Dexamethasone-induced adipogenesis in primary marrow stromal cell cultures: mechanism of steroid-induced osteonecrosis Chin Med J 2006 119 581 588 16620700 49. …

Selenium Compounds as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents.

The high number of new cancer incidences and the associated mortality continue to be alarming, leading to the search for new therapies that would be more effective and less burdensome for patients. As there is evidence that Se compounds can have chemopreventive activity, studies have begun to establish whether these compounds can also affect already existing cancers. This review aims to discuss the different classes of Se-containing compounds, both organic and inorganic, natural and synthetic, and the mechanisms and molecular targets of their anticancer activity. The chemical classes discussed

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… -L., Chin K.-Y. Emerging Anticancer Potentials of Selenium on Osteosarcoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019;20:5318. doi: 10.3390/ijms20215318. 37. Shigemi Z., Manabe K., Hara N., Baba Y., Hosokawa K., Kagawa H., Watanabe T., Fujimuro M. …

Tackling the cytokine storm in COVID-19, challenges and hopes.

The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the current world health concern, presenting a public health dilemma with ascending morbidity and mortality rates exceeding any previous viral spread, without a standard effective treatment yet. SARS-CoV-2 infection is distinguished with multiple epidemiological and pathological features, one of them being the elevated levels of cytokine release, which in turn trigger an aberrant uncontrolled response known as "cytokine storm". This phenomenon contributes to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to pneumonia and respir

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… Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia (trial version 7) Chin. Med. J. 2020;133(9):1087–1095. doi: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000000819. 61. Di Giambenedetto S., Ciccullo A., Borghetti A., et al. Off-label use of tocilizumab in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Med. …

Role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and its ligands in the treatment of hematological malignancies.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) is a multifunctional transcription factor with important regulatory roles in inflammation, cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. PPARgamma is expressed in a variety of immune cells as well as in numerous leukemias and lymphomas. Here, we review recent studies that provide new insights into the mechanisms by which PPARgamma ligands influence hematological malignant cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Understanding the diverse properties of PPARgamma ligands is crucial for the development of new therapeutic approache

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… Wu Y, Chin WW, Wang Y, Burris TP. Ligand and coactivator identity determines the requirement of the charge clamp for coactivation of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ . The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 2003;278(10):8637–8644. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M210910200. 79. …

CSI position statement on management of heart failure in India.

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Decoding the mechanisms underlying breast cancer brain metastasis: paving the way for precision therapeutics.

The development of brain metastasis is a major cause of significantly reduced survival in breast cancer patients. The initiation and progres … ignaling pathways during brain colonization. In particular, we highlight emerging mechanisms of breaching the specialized brain multifunctional barriers. Furthermore, this review provides an in-depth analysis of the cooperative immune-suppressive network within the BCBM TME, emphasizing the crosstalk among various immune cell components (such as T cell …

Nanomedicine and Onco-Immunotherapy: From the Bench to Bedside to Biomarkers.

The broad relationship between the immune system and cancer is opening a new hallmark to explore for nanomedicine. Here, all the common and synergy points between both areas are reviewed and described, and the recent approaches which show the progress from the bench to the beside to biomarkers developed in nanomedicine and onco-immunotherapy.

Anticancer natural products from the Middle East and North Africa: biodiversity, mechanisms, and translational challenges.

Cancer remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, imposing substantial clinical, societal, and economic burdens. Despite major advances in surgical oncology, systemic chemotherapy, radiation therapy, molecularly targeted therapeutics, and immune checkpoint inhibition, contemporary cancer treatment remains constrained by dose-limiting toxicities, intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, and the inexorable emergence of multifaceted drug resistance mechanisms. These persistent therapeutic challenges have reinstated interest in natural products (NPs) as evolutionar

Skeletal muscle dysfunction induced by cancer immunotherapy: mechanistics insights and surgical implications.

Cancer immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment, yet its effects extend far beyond tumor eradication. Accumulating evidence indicates that immunotherapy-associated skeletal muscle dysfunction represents a complex, cross-organ pathological process driven by dynamic crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment and peripheral tissues. Rather than an isolated adverse event, muscle injury emerges from integrated mechanisms including inflammatory cytokine spillover, aberrant immune cell infiltration, metabolic reprogramming, vascular dysfunction, and impaired regenerative signaling. Central

Resveratrol: Molecular Mechanisms, Health Benefits, and Potential Adverse Effects.

Resveratrol (RES), a naturally occurring polyphenolic compound, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse biological activities, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiaging properties. This review synthesizes current evidence concerning the molecular mechanisms, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profile of RES across a variety of pathologies, with an emphasis on the latest research conducted in recent years. Mechanistically, RES is known to modulate critical signaling pathways such as the activation of sirtuin 1. These actions collectively contribute to the attenuati

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… Chin , “ Effects of Resveratrol on Biochemical and Structural Outcomes in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis of Preclinical Studies ,” Heliyon 10 , no. 13 ( 2024 ): e34064 . 39055794 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34064 PMC11269911 57 N. Qin , L. Wei , W. …

Molecular Diversity of Lupane Hybrids in Drug Design and Materials Science.

The need for new, more effective drugs to treat cancer, infectious diseases, various parasitic infestations, and metabolic disorders requires innovative approaches to the design of promising molecules. One of these areas is the creation of hybrid structures. Lupane triterpenoids are of significant interest for such research due to their high abundance in natural sources and their renewable nature, their molecular architecture, presence of several easily modifiable functional groups, enantiomeric purity, broad spectrum of biological activity, and low toxicity. Active research into the biologica