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В Vivo Assessment of Cortical Astrocyte Network Dysфункция во время аутоиммунной демиелиции: корреляция с недугом.

Кортические повреждения и дисфункция являются патологической характеристикой множественного склероза (МС), который коррелирует с тяжестью физической и когнитивной инвалидности. Астроциты участвуют в патобиологии MS с помощью различных механизмов, и астроциклическое сигналирование кальция было указано как патогенный механизм кортикальной дисфункции в MS. В то же время в vivo доказательства дерегулирования механизмов, зависящих от астроцита кальция, в кортикальных MS по-прежнему ограничены. Здесь мы применили волокнистую фотометрию к продольному анализу спонтанной и сенсорной астроцитной активно

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Cortical damage and dysfunction is a pathological hallmark of multiple sclerosis (MS) that correlates with the severity of physical and cogn … ry to the longitudinal analysis of spontaneous and sensory-evoked astrocyte network activity in the somatosensory cortex of mice in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We found that freely moving EAE mice exhibit spontaneously occurring astrocyte calcium signals of increased duration and reduced amplitude. Concomitantly, cortical astrocytes in EAE mice …

The cortical representation of sensory inputs arising from bone.

In the present study, we show that sensory information from bone reaches the discriminative areas of the somatosensory cortices by electrically stimulating the nerve to the cat humerus and recording evoked potentials on the surface of the primary (SI) and secondary (SII) somatosensory cortex. The SI focus was located over the rostral part of the postcruciate cortex, caudal to the lateral aspect of the cruciate sulcus. The SII focus was identified on the anterior ectosylvian gyrus, lateral to the suprasylvian sulcus. These foci were located adjacent to, or within areas that responded to stimula…

The Impact of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Functional and Structural Plasticity in Rats With Spinal Cord Injury.

INTRODUCTION: Spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in sensory and locomotor function loss below the injured segment. Hyperbaric oxygen therap … evant brain regions. RESULTS: Following SCI, reduced ReHo values were observed in the left primary somatosensory cortex, left striatum, right agranular insular cortex, and partial cortex in the limbic system, which was reversed after HBOT. HBOT could increase FC strength between the motor cortex and other brain regions, including the left secondary motor cortex, righ …

Somatosensory-motor bodily representation cortical thinning in Tourette: effects of tic severity, age and gender.

INTRODUCTION: Tourette syndrome (TS) implicates the disinhibition of the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical circuitry (CSTC). Previous studies used a volumetric approach to investigate this circuitry with inconsistent findings. Cortical thickness may represent a more reliable measure than volume due to the low variability in the cytoarchitectural structure of the grey matter. METHODS: 66 magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired from 34 TS subjects (age range 10-25, mean 17.19+/-4.1) and 32 normal controls (NC) (age range 10-20, mean 16.33+/-3.56). Brain morphology was assessed using the

Increased attentional resources may be required to maintain standing balance under conditions of altered visual and somatosensory feedback among healthy adults.

Somatosensory feedback provides ongoing representation of the body's movements and interaction with the environment that is important for postural control. Altered somatosensory feedback may require compensation to maintain balance, which could include greater attentional resources or increased reliance on other sensory modalities to maintain posture through sensory reweighting. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) has been implicated in allocating attentional resources to maintain postural control, which may be associated with reweighting among sensory modalities. It is unknown whether increased PFC a

Tool Use Modulates Somatosensory Cortical Processing in Humans.

Tool use leads to plastic changes in sensorimotor body representations underlying tactile perception. The neural correlates of this tool-ind … suggest that tool use modulates relatively late stages of somatosensory processing outside primary somatosensory cortex. This finding is consistent with what has been observed in tool-trained monkeys and suggests that the mechanisms underlying tool-induced plasticity have been preserved across primate evolution.

Functional Brain Changes Due to Chronic Abdominal Pain in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Case-Control Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study.

INTRODUCTION: Various chronic pain conditions go along with functional and structural brain changes. This study aimed to investigate functio … in alterations but a significantly increased resting state functional connectivity of the secondary somatosensory cortex within the salience network. DISCUSSION: Because the secondary somatosensory cortex saves sensory stimuli and compares novel information with latter experiences, these functions may be maladaptive in IBD patients with abdominal pain.

Topographic organization of the human primary and secondary somatosensory areas: an fMRI study.

The topographical organization of SI and SII somatosensory areas was investigated using fMRI at 1.5 T and electrical sensory stimulation. Electrical stimuli were delivered unilaterally to the median nerve at the wrist and to the tibial nerve at the medial malleolus, during a block paradigm study. In all subjects, activation was observed, contralaterally to the stimulated side, in the post-central gyrus, in the posterior parietal cortex, in the mesial pre-frontal region and, bilaterally, in the supratemporal region at the level of the Sylvian fissure. The latter region, corresponding presumably

mGlu3 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors as a Target for the Treatment of Absence Epilepsy: Preclinical and Human Genetics Data.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that different metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor subtypes are potential drug targets for treating absence epilepsy. However, no information is available on mGlu3 receptors. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether (i) changes of mGlu3 receptor expression/signaling are found in the somatosensory cortex and thalamus of WAG/Rij rats developing spontaneous absence seizures; (ii) selective activation of mGlu3 receptors with LY2794193 affects the number and duration of spikewave discharges (SWDs) in WAG/Rij rats; and (iii) a genetic variant of GRM3 (encoding the mGlu3…

Selective spatiotemporal patterns of glial activation and neuron loss in the sensory thalamocortical pathways of neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis 8 mice.

The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses constitute the most common group of childhood neurodegenerative disorders. These devastating disorders st … e somatosensory pathway comprising the thalamic ventral posterior nucleus (VPM/VPL) and the primary somatosensory cortex (S1BF) was found to be the most affected relay system. Scattered microglia that appeared partially activated were already present at 3 months of age, followed by astrocytosis and the loss of thalamic relay neurons at 5 months of age, with all these …

Neural basis of contagious itch and why some people are more prone to it.

Watching someone scratch himself can induce feelings of itchiness in the perceiver. This provides a unique opportunity to characterize the n … and prefrontal (BA44) and premotor cortices. Moreover, activity in the left BA44, BA6, and primary somatosensory cortex was correlated with subjective ratings of itchiness, and the responsivity of the left BA44 reflected individual differences in neuroticism. Our findings highlight the central neural generation of the subjective experience of somatosensory perception …

Neurofibrillary tangle deposition in primary idiotypic isocortices using flortaucipir PET in histopathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease.

Tau deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) spreads throughout the brain in a stereotypical pattern captured by the Braak neurofibrillary tangle staging scheme. While involvement of primary isocortex defines the highest stage, it is unclear whether flortaucipir PET uptake differs among primary isocortical regions. We determined relationships between flortaucipir uptake in primary visual, auditory, motor, and somatosensory isocortices and Braak stage in 155 autopsy-confirmed participants with AD. Flortaucipir uptake was observed starting at Braak stage V, with visual and auditory isocortices sho

Discovering chronic pain treatments: better animal models might help us get there.

Only three classes of pain medications have made it into clinical use in the past 60 years despite intensive efforts and the need for nonadd … ibuted to a neuropathic pain state. Unrestrained, synchronous glutamatergic activity in the primary somatosensory cortex upper lip and jaw (S1ULp-S1J) region of the somatosensory cortex drove pain phenotypes. The model establishes a powerful tool to continue investigating the interaction between the peripheral and central nervous systems that leads to chronic pain.

Cortical activation during visual illusory walking in persons with spinal cord injury: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the location of cortical activation during a visual illusion walking paradigm, a recently proposed treatment for spi … method of fMRI. RESULTS: During visually illusory walking there was significant activation in the somatosensory cortex among those with SCI. In contrast, able-bodied participants showed little to no significant activation in this area, but they showed activation in the frontal and premotor areas. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment modalities for SCI-related neuropathic pain th …

Effects of prenatal cocaine and heroin exposure on neuronal dendrite morphogenesis and spatial recognition memory in mice.

Cocaine and heroin are psychoactive substances frequently used by woman abusers of childbearing age. In this study, we used in utero electroporation labeling technique and novelty recognition models to evaluate the effects of prenatal exposure of mice to cocaine or heroin on the morphological development of cortical neurons and postnatal cognitive functions. Our results showed that prenatal cocaine exposure increased dendrite outgrowth, and prenatal heroin exposure decreased dendrite length and branch number in pyramidal neurons in the somatosensory cortex. Furthermore, although no effects of …

Congenital mirror movements. Abnormal organization of motor pathways in two patients.

We studied 2 patients with congenital mirror movements by means of various neurophysiological and metabolic techniques, including mapping of motor evoked potentials to transcranial electrical and magnetic stimulation, premovement and somatosensory evoked potentials, kinematics of voluntary movements, muscle reflexes, and positron emission tomography (PET). Abnormalities in maps of motor and premovement potentials and in PET scans were consistent with a bilateral representation of hand muscles in the motor cortex, the existence of physiologically active connections capable of conducting fast ef

Frontoparietal white matter integrity predicts haptic performance in chronic stroke.

Frontoparietal white matter supports information transfer between brain areas involved in complex haptic tasks such as somatosensory discrim … ontoparietal tracts total; Four intrahemispheric tracts measured bilaterally 1) thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex (T-S1), 2) thalamus to primary motor cortex (T-M1), 3) primary to secondary somatosensory cortex (S1 to SII) and 4) primary somatosensory cortex to middle frontal gyrus (S1 to MFG) and, 2 interhemispheric tracts; S1-S1 and precuneus interhemispheric …

Effect of anodal high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation on the pain sensitivity in a healthy population: a double-blind, sham-controlled study.

High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) of brain areas related to pain processing may provide analgesic effects evident in the sensory detection and pain thresholds. The somatosensory sensitivity was assessed after HD-tDCS targeting the primary motor cortex (M1) and/or the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Eighty-one (40 females) subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 anodal HD-tDCS protocols (20 minutes) applied on 3 consecutive days: Sham-tDCS, DLPFC-tDCS, M1-tDCS, and DLPFC&M1-tDCS (simultaneous transcranial direct current stimulation [tDCS] of DLPFC and M

Highly synchronized cortical circuit dynamics mediate spontaneous pain in mice.

Cortical neural dynamics mediate information processing for the cerebral cortex, which is implicated in fundamental biological processes suc … ke behavior, we report that orofacial spontaneous pain activated a specific area within the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), displaying synchronized neural dynamics revealed by intravital two-photon calcium imaging. This synchronization was underpinned by local GABAergic interneuron hypoactivity. Pain-induced cortical synchronization could be attenuated by manipulat …

A Revised Computational Neuroanatomy for Motor Control.

We discuss a new framework for understanding the structure of motor control. Our approach integrates existing models of motor control with t … reas another is the model of state and action. Thus, we propose that the posterior parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, premotor cortex, and motor cortex represent task state, body state, task action, and body action, respectively. In the second part of this review, we demonstrate how this division of labor can better account for many recent findings of movement enc …