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Potential Associations between Vascular Biology and Hodgkin's Lymphoma: An Overview.

Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) is a lymphatic neoplasm typically found in the cervical lymph nodes. The disease is multifactorial, and in recent years, the relationships between various vascular molecules have been explored in the field of vascular biology. The connection between vascular biology and HL is intricate and the roles of several pathways remain unclear. This review summarizes the cellular and molecular relationships between vascular biology and HL. Proteins associated with various functions in vascular biology, including cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, IL-13, and IL-21), chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL1

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… Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II and Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression Predict Outcome After Programmed Death 1 Blockade in Classic Hodgkin Lymphoma. J. Clin. Oncol. 2018;36:942–950. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2017.77.3994. 114. Jin K.T., Du W.L., Lan H.R., Liu Y.Y., Mao C.S., Du J.L., Mou X.Z. …

BCMA-Targeting Therapy: Driving a New Era of Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma.

The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has entered into a new era of immunotherapy. Novel immunotherapies will significantly improve patient outcome via simultaneously targeting malignant plasma cell (PC) and reversing immunocompromised bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA), selectively expressed in PCs and a key receptor for A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), is highly expressed in MM cells from patients at all stages. The APRIL/BCMA signal cascades promote the survival and drug resistance of MM cells and further modulate immunosuppressive BM milieu. Impres

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… CAR T-Cell Therapy CAR T cell therapy, independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restriction, is characterized by genetically modified T cells to induce powerful anti-tumor cytotoxic ability via high specificity targeting tumor antigen [ 61 ]. …

Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma: current status and future perspectives.

The treatment landscape for patients with multiple myeloma (MM) is constantly evolving. Over the past decade, the introduction of novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs has led to notable changes in therapeutic strategy, and improvements in survival, yet MM remains incurable in the vast majority of cases. More recently, a targeted approach to MM treatment has emerged, using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to target antigens expressed on the surface of MM cells. MAbs tested to date kill MM cells via the host's immune system and/or by promoting apoptosis, and appear t

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… CD74 CD74 is a major histocompatibility complex class II chaperone involved in antigen presentation. …

Decoding Immunodeficiencies with Artificial Intelligence: A New Era of Precision Medicine.

Primary and secondary immunodeficiencies comprise a wide array of illnesses marked by immune system abnormalities, resulting in heightened vulnerability to infections, autoimmunity, and cancers. Notwithstanding progress in diagnostic instruments and an enhanced comprehension of the underlying pathophysiology, delayed diagnosis and underreporting persist as considerable obstacles. The implementation of artificial intelligence into clinical practice has surfaced as a viable method to enhance early detection, risk assessment, and management of immunodeficiencies. Recent advancements illustrate ho

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… Although mass spectrometry remains the gold standard for mapping the immunopeptidome, ML models provide a faster and more cost-effective alternative by accurately predicting Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)-I and MHC-II epitopes and aiding in the design of adjuvants and immunomodulatory sequences …

Cuproptosis related genes in immune infiltration and treatment of osteoporosis by bioinformatic analysis and machine learning methods.

Cuproptosis, a copper-dependent form of cell death, has been implicated in immune function and osteoporosis. However, the specific roles of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in osteoporosis remain unclear. The differentially expressed CRGs from the Gene Expression Omnibus datasets of persons with osteoporosis and healthy individuals were categorized using R software tools in this study. Following that, the CIBERSORT algorithm and the GSVA technique were used to investigate the relationships between the different clusters and immune infiltration characteristics. Based on four machine learning te

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… Role of the major histocompatibility complex class II protein presentation pathway in bone immunity imbalance in postmenopausal osteoporosis . Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne) 13 , 876067 . 10.3389/fendo.2022.876067 36034452 PMC9402988 Wang Y. Qiu X. Liu J. Liu X. Pan J. Cai J. ( 2024 ). …

Infections in Recipients of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplants

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… Hematopoietic stem cells are obtained from bone marrow, filgrastim-stimulated peripheral blood, or umbilical cord blood. 1 , 2 Allogeneic donors can be related or unrelated and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matched at loci of the major histocompatibility complex or mismatched. …

Тип перегонки 1 диабет через ось эндоканнабиноидома-микробиота: системная биологическая перспектива.

Тип 1 диабет (T1D) давно признан аутоиммунным заболеванием на основе Т. Вместе с тем все больше фактов свидетельствует об участии в его развитии факторов, связанных с метаболизмом, подстрекательством и кишечной микробиотой. Эндоканнабиноидная система (ЭКС), являющаяся одним из ключевых регуляторов иммунного и метаболического гомеостаза, все чаще привлекается к аутоиммунной патофизиологии, в частности благодаря ее взаимодействию с кишечными метаболитами. В этой гипотетической статье подчеркивается необходимость пересмотра патофизиологии Т1D путем интеграции дисфункции ЭКС, кишечного дисбиоза и

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… Genetic susceptibility: ECS-related genes and interactions Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely recognized as a genetically complex autoimmune disease, with a strong influence exerted by the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome 6. …

Clinical updates of B‑cell maturation antigen‑targeted therapy in multiple myeloma (MM) and relapsed/refractory MM (Review).

Despite significant progress in managing multiple myeloma (MM) in recent years, certain patients still have a short duration of therapeutic response, often relapsing within 18 months. These patients typically have high‑risk genetic mutations and may show little to no response to current treatments, highlighting the need for further exploration of optimal therapeutic targets for MM. B‑cell maturation antigen (BCMA), highly expressed in mature B lymphocytes and plasma cells and upregulated in MM, is a promising therapeutic target. Various BCMA‑targeted strategies, including antibody‑drug conjuga

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… Bispecific T-cell engagers (BiTEs) BiTEs represent a specialized form of targeted immunotherapy that operates independently of major histocompatibility complex restriction but the requirement for intact antigen-presenting cell function ( 64 ). …

Mediterranean Diet Food Components as Possible Adjuvant Therapies to Counteract Breast and Prostate Cancer Progression to Bone Metastasis.

Bone metastasis is a serious and often lethal complication of particularly frequent carcinomas, such as breast and prostate cancers, which not only reduces survival but also worsens the patients' quality of life. Therefore, it is important to find new and/or additional therapeutic possibilities that can counteract the colonization of bone tissue. High adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) is effective in the prevention of cancer and improves cancer patients' health, thus, here, we considered its impact on bone metastasis. We highlighted some molecular events relevant for the development of

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… Resveratrol upregulates protein and mRNA expression of major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related proteins A and B (MICA and MICB) in breast cancer cells, which in turn promote breast cancer cell lysis by natural killer (NK) cells in vitro and in vivo. …

Perspectives in Melanoma: meeting report from the Melanoma Bridge (December 1st-3rd, 2022-Naples, Italy).

Outcomes for patients with melanoma have improved over the past decade with the clinical development and approval of immunotherapies targeting immune checkpoint receptors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4). Combinations of these checkpoint therapies with other agents are now being explored to improve outcomes and enhance benefit-risk profiles of treatment. Alternative inhibitory receptors have been identified that may be targeted for anti-tumor immune therapy, such as lymphocyte-activation gene-3 (LAG-3), as have se

Clinical Trials with Combination of Cytokine-Induced Killer Cells and Dendritic Cells for Cancer Therapy.

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy (ACI) is a promising treatment for a number of cancers. Cytokine-induced killer cells (CIKs) are considered to be major cytotoxic immunologic effector cells. Usually cancer cells are able to suppress antitumor responses by secreting immunosuppressive factors. CIKs have significant antitumor activity and are capable of eradicating tumors with few side effects. They are a very encouraging cell population used against hematological and solid tumors, with an inexpensive expansion protocol which could yield to superior clinical outcome in clinical trials employing ad

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… Major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A and UL16-binding protein expression on tumor cell lines of different histotypes: Analysis of tumor susceptibility to NKG2D-dependent natural killer cell cytotoxicity Cancer Res. 2002 62 6178 6186 12414645 17. De Andrade L.F. Smyth M.J. …

Immune Checkpoint Molecules: A Review on Pathways and Immunotherapy Implications.

BackgroundToday, treating cancer patients with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), by targeting immune checkpoints, is one of the most outstanding immunotherapeutic methods. Immune checkpoints are special molecules having regulatory role in immune system responses. Once these molecules are presented on cancer cells, these cells will be capable of evading the immune system through their own specific pathways. This Evasion can be prevented by counterbalancing immune system responses with immune checkpoints related antibodies.AimsThe current study aimed to highlight immunotherapy and its methods, descr

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… After the interaction of TCR with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II on APCs, coreceptor‐associated Lck is transported into the vicinity of CD3 complex. After this location change, Lck phosphorylates immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based activation motifs (ITAMs). …

Consensus recommendations from the 2024 International Follicular Lymphoma Scientific Workshop.

AbstractFollicular lymphoma (FL) is the most common indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Although patients with FL have high response rates to therapy, most develop increasingly resistant disease. In addition, transformation into an aggressive lymphoma is associated with unfavorable outcomes. Many novel agents are under investigation, and early clinical data are encouraging. Aligning treatment with the underlying tumor biology and sequencing of therapies remain key clinical challenges. At the Lymphoma Research Foundation's biannual 2024 Follicular Lymphoma Scientific Workshop, experts convened to di

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… For instance, these programs govern the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II; a substrate of CREBBP ) 6 , 17 , 18 and MHC-I (negatively regulated by EZH2). 19 CREBBP-mutated FLs show downregulation of MHC-II, and EZH2 gain-of-function mutations are associated with reduced MHC-I …

Overcoming resistance to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in acute myeloid leukemia.

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is characterized by molecular, immunological, and clinical heterogeneity and this has been reflected with changing paradigms in the treatment landscape of AML in recent years. Despite high remission rates with conventional chemotherapy regimens, most patients eventually relapse and have disappointing outcomes in the relapsed setting, with estimated 5-year overall survival rates ranging from 10-15%. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) restrain T-cell suppressive signals delivered through cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) or programmed cell death p

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… One such fitness model focused on immune interaction of neoantigens based on the likelihood of neoantigen presentation by the major histocompatibility complex and subsequent recognition by T cells, and demonstrated applicability in predicting survival of CTLA-4 treated patients with melanoma and PF-1 …

PROTAC Technology as a New Tool for Modern Pharmacotherapy.

The publication focuses on the innovative applications of PROTAC (proteolysis-targeting chimera) technology in modern pharmacotherapy, with particular emphasis on cancer treatment. PROTACs represent an advanced therapeutic strategy that enables selective protein degradation, opening new possibilities in drug design. This technology shows potential in the treatment of cancers, viral infections (such as HIV and COVID-19), and chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, atopic dermatitis, and Huntington's disease. Promising results from clinical studies on the compound ARV-47

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… Some of the best-characterised Nef partner proteins include the endocytic adaptor proteins AP-1 and AP-2, which are essential for downregulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I), CD4, and other viral receptors, as well as the restriction factor SERINC5 Nef which also binds …

Extracellular vesicles in multiple myeloma-bone marrow niche crosstalk: from cellular dialogue to clinical perspectives.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a haematological neoplasia defined by the clonal expansion of malignant plasma cells within the intricate and dynamic ecosystem of the bone marrow (BM). Although genetic aberrations intrinsic to tumour cells play a critical role in MM initiation, the advancement and aggressiveness of the disease are heavily influenced by ongoing signalling exchanges and persistent interactions with the surrounding microenvironment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are increasingly recognized as essential messengers in this reciprocal communication, acting as membrane-encapsulated vehicles

Aging modulation of the immune system and immunotherapy efficacy in cancer.

Immunosenescence is characterized by immune decline and chronic inflammation. With advancing age, the incidence of tumors increases significantly. Understanding how immunosenescence influences the initiation and progression of tumors, as well as its implications for tumor immunotherapy, has become a matter of urgent importance. This review begins with an analysis of the phenotypic changes and underlying mechanisms associated with immune system and immune cell aging, and further explores the interplay between immunosenescence and tumorigenesis. Evidence indicates that cytokines, cell interactio

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… Upon stimulation with IFN-γ, fibroblasts are induced to express high levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II and costimulatory molecules (e.g., CD40, CD80/86). … histocompatibility complex human leukocyte antigen Interleukin-15 T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 non-small cell lung cancer objective response rate median OS randomized controlled trials CpG island methylator phenotype microsatellite instability mismatch repair …

Current Challenges in Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-cell Therapy in Patients With B-cell Lymphoid Malignancies.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a promising immunotherapy based on genetically engineered T cells derived from patients. The introduction of CAR T-cell therapy has changed the treatment paradigm of patients with B-cell lymphoid malignancies. However, challenging issues including managing life-threatening toxicities related to CAR T-cell infusion and resistance to CAR T-cell therapy, leading to progression or relapse, remain. This review summarizes the issues with currently approved CAR T-cell therapies for patients with relapsed or refractory B-cell lymphoid malignancies, inc

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… INTRODUCTION Normal T cells can recognize tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and produce an antitumor immune response as a normal body defense, depending on antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs). …

Carcinoembryonic Antigen, Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9, Cancer Antigen 125, Prostate-Specific Antigen and Other Cancer Markers: A Primer on Commonly Used Cancer Markers.

Cancer markers are molecules produced by cancer cells which may serve to identify the presence of cancer. Cancer markers can be differentiated as serum-based, radiology-based and tissue-based, and are one of the most important tools in diagnosing, staging and monitoring of treatment of many cancers. The most used cancer markers are serum cancer markers due to its relative ease and lower cost of testing. However, serum cancer markers have poor mass screening utilization due to poor positive predictive value. Several markers such as prostate-specific antigen (PSA), beta-human chorionic gonadotro

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… Beta-2 microglobulin (β2M) β2M is a protein that forms one of the chains of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and plays a role in antigen presentation to cytotoxic T cells and immune homeostasis [ 13 ]. …

The DNA damage response network in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine whether DNA damage response (DDR)-related aberrations predict therapeutic benefit in cisplatin-treated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients and how DDR pathways are modulated after treatment with olaparib alone or in combination with cisplatin or durvalumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Oxidative stress, abasic sites and DDR-related parameters, including endogenous DNA damage, DNA repair mechanisms and apoptosis rates, were evaluated in HNSCC cell lines and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 46 healthy controls (HC) and 70 HNSCC patients at b

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… Deficiency in DNA damage repair causes accumulation of mutations resulting in increased tumor mutation burden and higher levels of major histocompatibility complex-presented neoantigens, which are recognized by T cells. 21 Furthermore, failure of DDR increases cytosolic DNA, which binds to the cyclic …