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Computerized adaptive testing of neurocognitive deficits in psychosis.

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is a technology that has been used to improve the precision and efficiency of individual difference estimates for cognitive, achievement, personality, and clinical symptom assessments. Motivated by the psychometric limitations of experimental cognitive tasks, we determined whether experimental cognitive tasks, such as those being developed for the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria initiative and similar projects, could also benefit from CAT. Participants were 64 patients diagnosed with psychosis spectrum disorders and 50 healthy

Childhood sexual abuse moderates the mediating pathways connecting cognitive distortions and suicidal ideation among homeless youth.

Cognitive distortions are conceptualized as one of the most potent predictors of suicide. However, little is known about the mediating and moderating mechanisms linking cognitive distortions and suicidal ideation. The present study examined a prospective moderated mediation model linking cognitive distortions and suicidal ideation, with drug use, social problem-solving, and perceived burdensomeness as the mediators and childhood sexual abuse as the moderator. Participants included 150 homeless youth who participated in a randomized clinical trial for suicide intervention. Participants were ass

Personal Journal Keeping and Linguistic Complexity Predict Late-Life Dementia Risk: The Cache County Journal Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: We determined the feasibility of accessing personal journals and correlating markers of linguistic complexity with all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHOD: A stratified random sample of 215 older adults reported on lifetime journal writing habits. From 66 of these participants (49% of those with journals), digital photographs of journal text were transcribed then subjected to the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count program to measure linguistic complexity markers: Words per Sentence, Percentage of 6+ Letter Words, Cognitive Mechanics, Percentage of Unique Words, and Perc

Identifying individuals at risk of cognitive decline: cross-sectional analysis of variability in neuropsychological test scores among community-dwelling older adults.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment is a major public health concern due to its impact on functional independence and its risk of progression t … age significantly increased the odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 1.10, p < 0.001), whereas higher cognitive reserve was a protective factor (OR = 0.75, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of suspected cognitive impairment is highly dependent on the screening instrument and threshold selected. The findings support the adoption of a more conservative …

Personality predictors of cognitive dispersion: A coordinated analysis of data from seven international studies of older adults.

OBJECTIVES: Dispersion in cognitive test performance within a single testing session is proposed as an early marker of poor brain health. Existing research, however, has not investigated factors that may explain individual differences in cognitive dispersion. We investigate the extent to which the Big Five personality traits are associated with cognitive dispersion in older adulthood. METHOD: To promote transparency and reliability, we applied preregistration and conceptual replication via coordinated analysis. Drawing data from seven longitudinal studies of aging (Ntotal = 33,581; Mage range

A 12-week study on the effects of betahistine (an H₃ antagonist/H₁ agonist) on cognitive functions in schizophrenia patients treated with olanzapine.

Evidence on betahistine for cognitive impairment in schizophrenia is limited. This study evaluated its feasibility, safety, and preliminary efficacy to lay the groundwork for future randomized controlled trials. Thirty-one inpatients with schizophrenia, aged 18-60 years, undergoing treatment with olanzapine received betahistine (16 mg, three times daily) for 12 weeks. Cognitive function, clinical symptoms, and side effects were assessed at baseline and again at 12 weeks postintervention. After 12 weeks of betahistine treatment, patients with schizophrenia showed a significant increase in the t

Association between myasthenia gravis and cognitive function: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The course of myasthenia gravis (MG) is complicated by increased reports of cognitive defects in both human and animal models, which suggests potential central nervous system (CNS) damage. We conducted a systematic review of the relationships between MG and cognitive function. This systematic review followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Major databases were searched to examine the neuropsychological studies of adults with MG. Weighted effect sizes were pooled by cognitive domain. Eight studies representing 300 subjects were included. E

The effect of alcohol use on neuroimaging correlates of cognitive and emotional processing in human adolescence.

OBJECTIVE: This article provides an overview of the scientific literature pertaining to the effects of alcohol on neural correlates of cognitive and emotional functioning, including reward processing and cue-reactivity, in adolescence and young adulthood. METHOD: Peer-reviewed, original research articles that included a neuroimaging assessment of alcohol effects on subsequent cognitive or emotional processing in adolescent or young adult samples were searched (through November 2018) and summarized in the review. RESULTS: Cross-sectional studies provided early evidence of alcohol-related diff

Awareness of consequences in agenesis of the corpus callosum: Semantic analysis of responses.

OBJECTIVE: Agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) in individuals with general intelligence within the normal range results in a syndrome of mild to moderate deficiencies in cognitive, emotional, and social functioning that are still being explored. Anecdotal accounts from families suggest that these cognitive and psychosocial deficiencies affect the ability of these individuals to anticipate the consequences of their decisions and behaviors. This research was designed to clarify the nature of social and emotional cognition in AgCC with respect to imagination of the consequences of decisions by

Carotid artery stenosis in hypertensive rats impairs dilatory pathways in parenchymal arterioles.

Hypertension is a leading risk factor for vascular cognitive impairment and is strongly associated with carotid artery stenosis. In normotensive rats, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion induced by bilateral common carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) leads to cognitive impairment that is associated with impaired endothelium-dependent dilation in parenchymal arterioles (PAs). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of BCAS on PA function and structure in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats, a model of human essential hypertension. Understanding the effects of hypoperfusion on PAs in a hy

Sensation and Psychiatry: Linking Age-Related Hearing Loss to Late-Life Depression and Cognitive Decline.

Recent research has linked age-related hearing loss to impaired performance across cognitive domains and increased risk for dementia diagnos … s. These pathologic changes decrease cognitive performance and increase depression risk by reducing cognitive reserve, increasing executive dysfunction, and disrupting normative emotion reactivity and regulation. Based on the available data and informed by this model, evidence-based suggestions are proposed for clinicians treating older adults, and a research agend …

Hierarchical-circular model of biological memory: a multilevel hypothesis for pathogenesis and allostatic integrity in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias.

INTRODUCTION: Alzheimer's disease and related dementias remain largely resistant to disease-modifying therapies, despite decades of research … ajectories of clinical progression; and (4) allostatic integrity moderates the protective effect of cognitive reserve, a pattern not predicted by reserve frameworks alone. CONCLUSION: The Hierarchical-Circular Model of Biological Memory offers a unifying hypothesis for Alzheimer's disease and related dementias that bridges genetic, epigenetic, physiological, neuro …

A review of the personality traits in post-concussion syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Various manifestations ranging from physical symptoms to cognitive and emotional impairments could often be seen following head concussions that lead to mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). These symptoms are commonly comprising the post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and their resolution could be influenced by multiple factors. Personality traits have been suggested as potential risk factors for the emergence and persistence of PCS. In this study, we aimed to investigate the possible predisposition to PCS given by certain personality traits. METHODS: Prospective cohort studies, obser

Longitudinal investigation of cognitive deficits in breast cancer patients and their gray matter correlates: impact of education level.

Cognitive deficits are a major complaint in breast cancer patients, even before chemotherapy. Comprehension of the cerebral mechanisms relat … esults suggest, for the first time, the occurrence of compensation mechanisms that may be linked to cognitive reserve in relationship to state anxiety. This identification of factors, which may compensate cognitive impairment following chemotherapy, is critical for patient care and quality of life.

Cognitive Impairment in Multiple Sclerosis: The Role of Clinical and Sociodemographic Factors - A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Cognitive impairment (CI) affects the quality of life in multiple sclerosis (MS). Identifying influencing factors is key to impro … are exploratory. INTERPRETATION: Poor SDMT performance is mainly driven by physical disability and cognitive reserve (education), modulated by sex, depression, and age, highlighting the need to integrate clinical and sociodemographic data in MS cognitive monitoring.

Эффективность когнитивной реабилитации в когнитивных и мозговых сетях: случайные клинические испытания у пациентов с множественным склерозом.

В этом исследовании была дана оценка эффективности компьютеризованной гуттманнской, нейроперсональной (GNPT) когнитивной реабилитации (CR) и были отмечены изменения, вызванные церебральными сетями у пациентов с множественным склерозом (MS). Это многоцентральное, двойное слепление, случайные клинические испытания по сравнению с повышением интенсивности (активное лечение) и низкой интенсивностью статического обучения (статическое лечение). Когниция оценивалась с использованием краткой повторяемой аккумуляторной батареи до и после 12 недель тренировки и через 10 месяцев, и пациенты были классифиц

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
This study evaluated the efficacy of the computerised Guttmann, NeuroPersonalTrainer® (GNPT) cognitive rehabilitation (CR) and characterised … h severe-CI. Quality of life did not change at post-CR, and cognitive improvement was influenced by cognitive reserve (p = 0.011). In MS, GNPT temporarily improves verbal memory and increases network connectivity, reinforcing the CR as a valuable tool for enhancing cognitive skills and promoting neuronal plasticity.

Effects of APOE haplotypes and measures of cardiovascular risk over gender-dependent cognitive and functional changes in one year in Alzheimer's disease.

BACKGROUND: Illiteracy, high cerebrovascular risk and copies of APOE-ϵ4 are risk factors for Alzheimer's disease dementia (AD). We aimed to … inine clearance are protective regarding cognitive and functional decline for women, whereas higher cognitive reserve may lead to faster decline in instrumental functionality. APOE haplotypes affected the age at AD onset, but not cognitive or functional decline.

Cognitive and physical exercise to improve outcomes after surgery (COPE-iOS) study: protocol for a randomised, controlled trial in the USA examining the efficacy of a combined cognitive and physical exercise programme performed before and after major surgery in improving cognitive and functional outcomes for older adults.

INTRODUCTION: Surgery and its resulting hospitalisation are associated with subsequent cognitive and functional decline. Interventions to reduce this decline have exhibited limited success. Prehabilitation is the process of enhancing capacity and reserve before an acute stressor to improve tolerance of the acute physiologic insult. Older adults requiring major surgery are an ideal population for prehabilitation. Prehabilitation exercise studies have mostly focused on physical training to improve physical outcomes after specific surgery types, and data on cognitive outcomes and in broader surgi

Domain-specific longitudinal associations between brain volume, white matter lesions, and cognitive function changes.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the domain-specific patterns of the association of segmental brain volume and white matter signal abnormality (WMSA) volume with longitudinal changes in cognitive function. METHODS: Participants from an institutional health check-up program who were aged >50 years, did not have a confirmed central nervous system disorder and underwent baseline and follow-up evaluations for cognitive function and brain MRI with an interval of at least 1 year were included. Cognitive function was assessed using the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease-Korean ver

[Hippocampal sclerosis linked to epilepsy: clinical consequences, histopathology and evolution with aging].

Hippocampal sclerosis is the most frequent etiology of patients with drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, which is the most frequen … iated with normal aging, but starts earlier and from a lower global cognitive functioning with less cognitive reserve. Patients may therefore reach an impairment threshold sooner than healthy subjects, and are much more vulnerable to any other disease that impairs cognitive functioning. Patients exhibited cortical and subcortical atrophy patterns on volumetric brai …