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Cognitive Proficiency after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children.

Fifty-five children and adolescents with complicated mild-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) completed the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) within 1 to 12 months post-injury. Compared with demographically matched neurologically healthy controls, selected from the WISC-V standardization sample, participants with TBI demonstrated statistically significantly lower scores across WISC-V indices. The working memory, processing speed, and cognitive proficiency indices also demonstrated statistically significant negative correlations with brain injury se…

Accelerated brain ageing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The impact of SARS-CoV-2 and the COVID-19 pandemic on brain health is recognised, yet specific effects remain understudied. We investigate the pandemic's impact on brain ageing using longitudinal neuroimaging data from the UK Biobank. Brain age prediction models are trained from hundreds of multi-modal imaging features using a cohort of 15,334 healthy participants. These models are then applied to an independent cohort of 996 healthy participants with two magnetic resonance imaging scans: either both collected before the pandemic (Control groups), or one before and one after the pandemic onset…

Therapeutic genetic restoration through allogeneic brain microglia replacement.

Migration of transplanted allogeneic myeloid cells into the brain following systemic haematopoietic stem and progenitor cell transplantation (HCT) holds great promise as a therapeutic modality to correct genetic deficiencies in the brain such as lysosomal storage diseases1-3. However, the toxic myeloablation required for allogeneic HCT can cause serious, life-threatening side effects, limiting its applicability. Moreover, transplanted allogeneic myeloid cells are highly vulnerable to rejection even in an immune-privileged organ like the brain. Here we report a brain-restricted, high-efficiency…

Brain metastases from endometrial carcinoma in two dogs.

Endometrial carcinoma is an uncommon epithelial neoplasm in dogs. This study reports two cases of endometrial carcinomas with brain metastasis in a 7-year-old mixed-breed dog with bloody vulvar discharge, prostration, lethargy, and hyperextension of all four limbs, and an 11-year-old Poodle with purulent vulvar discharge, dyspnea, lateral recumbency, limb stiffness, and epistaxis. Both dogs died during emergency care. Necropsy revealed multiple metastatic nodules in several organs, including the brain. Histopathology showed proliferative endometrial glands with atypical cuboidal-to-columnar ce…

A rare complication of cyanotic CHD: brain abscess.

BACKGROUND: Brain abscess is a rare but life-threatening complication in patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (CHD), especially in those without prior corrective surgery. METHODS: We report the case of a 36-year-old woman with unoperated cyanotic CHD who presented with neurological deficits. Diagnostic evaluation included cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). RESULTS: Imaging revealed a brain abscess. Contributing factors included chronic hypoxia, polycythaemia, and right-to-left shunting facilitating systemic circulation of infectious agents. The patient was treated with intr…

Automated brain extraction for canine magnetic resonance images.

BACKGROUND: Brain extraction is a common preprocessing step when working with intracranial medical imaging data. While several tools exist to automate the preprocessing of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the human brain, none are available for canine MRIs. We present a pipeline mapping separate 2D scans to a 3D image, and a neural network for canine brain extraction. METHODOLOGY: The training dataset consisted of T1-weighted and contrast-enhanced images from 68 dogs of different breeds, all cranial conformations (mesaticephalic, dolichocephalic, brachycephalic), with several pathological c…

Neurogenic organ dysfunction syndrome after acute brain injury.

Systemic complications are common after acute brain injury (ABI) and may trigger coagulation cascades, systemic inflammation, as well as dysfunction of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and gastrointestinal systems, etc. The pathogenesis of these systemic manifestations is multifactorial but not yet fully elucidated. This paper introduces the novel term neurogenic organ dysfunction syndrome (NODS) to characterize systemic instability arising from internal and external perturbations of the neuronal center following ABI. Elucidating the central neurogenic mechanisms of NODS is critical for early …

Prenatal inflammation exacerbates hyperoxia-induced neonatal brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Premature born infants are at high risk to develop white matter injury (WMI). Hyperoxia and perinatal inflammation are main risk factors for preterm birth and associated brain injury. To date the majority of experimental studies have focused on isolated insults. However, clinically, WMI injury is a multifactorial disorder caused by a variety of triggers. To establish a clinically relevant rodent model of WMI, we combined prenatal inflammation with postnatal hyperoxia to investigate individual, and additive or synergistic effects on inflammatory processes, myelination and grey matte…

Functional brain network analysis of VR motion sickness.

This study aims to explore the neural impact of virtual reality (VR) motion sickness on individuals from the perspective of brain functional networks, analyze the relationship between changes in Electroencephalogram (EEG) frequency bands and VR motion sickness, and provide a new perspective for evaluating the neural excitation mechanism of VR motion sickness. Twenty-six subjects were grouped based on their sensitivity to VR by a subjective evaluation scale. EEG signals were recorded before and after VR experiment. Functional brain networks were constructed and the changes in perspective of net…

Sleep and circadian rhythms after traumatic brain injury.

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious public health concern and is one of the major causes of death and chronic disability in young individuals. Sleep-wake disturbances are among the most persistent and debilitating consequences of TBI and are reported by 50%-70% of TBI patients regardless of TBI severity. Excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, hypersomnia, and insomnia are the most common sleep disturbances in TBI patients. Post-TBI sleep-wake disturbances are often associated with pain, anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder. They may exacerbate cognitive impairment follo…

Paediatric cranial ultrasound: assessment of the preterm brain.

Cranial ultrasound is an invaluable tool in assessing neonatal brain anatomy and pathology. It is accessible, relatively quick, inexpensive, safe, portable and generally well-tolerated. This pictorial review focuses on the use of cranial ultrasound in evaluating the premature brain. We illustrate the different grades of intraventricular haemorrhage, the most common sequela of prematurity, its evolution and potential complications, as well as periventricular leukomalacia. Anatomical variants and benign findings that mimic preterm brain injury are also discussed. CRITICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Cr…

Can maternal metformin protect the developing fetal brain?

BACKGROUND: Maternal diabetes is associated with an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. … ternal treatment with metformin for maternal diabetes had beneficial effects on biomarkers of fetal brain health. STUDY DESIGN: A nested case-control study was performed on maternal samples from a randomized controlled trial of metformin (1000 mg twice daily) + insulin vs insulin only for perinatal type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=40 in each group) or gesta …

Polymeric nanoparticles for efficient nose-to-brain delivery.

Brain disorders affect over one billion people globally, presenting significant challenges for effective treatment due to the limited drug bioavailability in the brain. This issue is largely attributed to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a highly selective and restrictive biological barrier. Nose-to-brain delivery (NtBD) via intranasal administration has emerged as a compelling and non-invasive strategy to bypass the BBB, leveraging the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the nasal cavity to enable direct drug transport to the brain. Among the various delivery strateg…

Взаимодействие с Мозгом: Как нанотехнология может способствовать.

Соединение искусственных устройств с человеческим мозгом является главной целью нейротехнологий. Однако наше воображение часто ограничивается существующими парадигмами и технологиями. Со временем, наряду с имеющейся технологией, изменились предложения в отношении интерфейсов мозга и автомата. Механические рычаги и кабельные лебедки использовались для перемещения частей мозга в механическую эпоху. Сложное электронное проводка и дистанционное управление возникли в эпоху электронной связи, что в конечном счете привело к созданию компьютерных интерфейсов. Тем не менее, наши мозги настолько сложны,

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Interfacing artificial devices with the human brain is the central goal of neurotechnology. Yet, our imaginations are often limited by currently available paradigms and technologies. Suggestions for brain-machine interfaces have changed over time, along with the available technology. Mechanical levers and cable winches were used to move parts of the brain du…

[Tumor-Treating Fields Therapy for Pediatric Brain Tumors].

Tumor-treating fields (TTF) are alternating electric fields applied to the brain through scalp arrays. Although TTF therapy has shown efficacy in adults with supratentorial high-grade glioma, its safety and efficacy in children remain unproven. Pediatric and adult high-grade gliomas differ genetically, but share clinical features that support trials in children. Recently, a pediatric case series using TTF has been reported, and a few prospective studies are underway. Because pediatric high-grade gliomas are rare and genetically diverse, these studies were designed as feasibility trials for var…

Heart-brain synchrony: Therapeutic implications for neurodegenerative disease.

Heart and brain functions are intricately connected. Previous research has explored the mechanisms behind the brain- heart axis and its clinical implications. Nonetheless, there is limited studies on the impact of heart disease on brain performance (heart-brain axis). In this context, hypoperfusion resulting from heart failure (HF) is considered a significant risk factor for cognitive impairment. Oxidative stress, immune responses, and blood perfusion contribute to cognitive dysfunction, playing a key role in this process. As such, it is important for healthcare professionals and researchers t…

Subcortical Hubs of Brain Networks Sustaining Human Consciousness.

Neuromodulation of subcortical network hubs by pharmacologic, electrical, or ultrasonic stimulation is a promising therapeutic strategy for … y connected to multiple cortical networks. We found that the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain and the central lateral and parafascicular nuclei of the thalamus-regions that have historically been targeted by neuromodulatory therapies to restore consciousness-are subcortical hubs widely connected to multiple cortical networks. Further, we ide …

Early Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Brain Functionality.

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease with an alarming number of cases recorded, becoming a global public health problem. Thus, an increasing number of eligible individuals choose to undergo metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), known for its effective results in weight reduction and improvement of metabolic conditions. Despite reversing the damage to the central nervous system caused by obesity, these procedures also present neuronal complications. Therefore, in this review, we explore the early impact of MBS on the brain of postoperative patients, with effects observed up to 6 months af…

Brain Sag: An Under-recognized Complication of Craniotomy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The review aims to summarize postoperative disturbances in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, including the pathophysiology, risk factors, and clinical implications of brain sag after craniotomy. RECENT FINDINGS: The literature on CSF hypovolemia and brain sag after craniotomy is comprised of single center retrospective studies and case reports with variable definitions. Brain sag, downward displacement of the brain due to CSF hypovolemia and loss of buoyancy, is an under-recognized cause of neurological deterioration after neurosurgery. This occurs most often in the contex…