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Семья " Interleukin-17 " в области здравоохранения и иммунных заболеваний: от происхождения до клинических последствий.

Семья интерлейкин-17 является ключевой группой цитокинов и демонстрирует широкий спектр биологических функций, включая регулирование подстрекательского каскада в различных аутоиммунных и подстрекательских болезнях, таких, как множественный склероз, оптический спектр нейромилита, миастения гравис, синдром Гильен-Барре, острый распределенный энцфаломиэлит, диабет, воспалительные кожные заболевания, суставное воспаление и рак. Хотя функция семьи интерлейкин-17 привлекает все большее внимание к исследованиям на протяжении многих лет, выражение, функции и механизмы регулирования различных членов се

Vaccination of Immunocompromised Cats.

Immunocompromise is a common condition in cats, especially due to widespread infections with immunosuppressive viruses, such as feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), but also due to chronic non-infectious diseases, such as tumours, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease, as well as treatment with immunosuppressive drugs, such as glucocorticoids, cyclosporins, or tumour chemotherapy. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from eleven European countries, discusses

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… Lymphocyte function can also be impaired by reduced or altered expression of cell surface molecules, such as CD4 + , major histocompatibility complex antigens or other co-stimulatory molecules, cytokines and cytokine receptors [ 35 , 36 , 37 ], or even the expression of abnormal molecules [ 38 ]. …

Antibody-drug conjugates in clinical trials for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADC) represent a distinct family of chemoimmunotherapy agents. ADCs are composed of monoclonal antibodies conjugated to cytotoxic payloads via specialized chemical linkers. ADCs therefore combine the immune therapy with targeted chemotherapy. Due to the distinct biomarkers associated with lymphocytes and plasma cells, ADCs have emerged as a promising treatment option for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma. Several ADCs have been approved for clinical applications: brentuximab vedotin, inotuzumab ozogamicin, moxetumomab pasudotox, and polatuzumab vedotin. More

Stepping forward: T-cell redirecting bispecific antibodies in cancer therapy.

T cell-redirecting bispecific antibodies are specifically designed to bind to tumor-associated antigens, thereby engaging with CD3 on the T cell receptor. This linkage between tumor cells and T cells actively triggers T cell activation and initiates targeted killing of the identified tumor cells. These antibodies have emerged as one of the most promising avenues within tumor immunotherapy. However, despite success in treating hematological malignancies, significant advancements in solid tumors have yet to be explored. In this review, we aim to address the critical challenges associated with T

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… The cytolytic activity of CD3 + T cells is redirected towards tumor cells, promoting their elimination independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, thus bypassing the constraints of MHC limitation 6 . …

CD11c + микроглиа: от базовых исследований к клиническому применению.

CD11c + микроглиа - функционально специализированная подгруппа микроглий, играющая ключевую роль в патофизиологических процессах различных заболеваний центральной нервной системы. Этот обзор обобщает убедительные доказательства того, что CD11c + микроглиа демонстрируют уникальные транскриптомные и фигоцитические характеристики. Эти характеристики отличают их от гомеостатической микроглии и поддерживают их специализированные функции. Во время разработки CD11c + микроглиа имеют решающее значение для созревания олигодендроцитов и целостности белой материи, особенно в таких регионах, как corpus ca

Drugging the efferocytosis process: concepts and opportunities.

The daily removal of billions of apoptotic cells in the human body via the process of efferocytosis is essential for homeostasis. To allow for this continuous efferocytosis, rapid phenotypic changes occur in the phagocytes enabling them to engulf and digest the apoptotic cargo. In addition, efferocytosis is actively anti-inflammatory and promotes resolution. Owing to its ubiquitous nature and the sheer volume of cell turnover, efferocytosis is a point of vulnerability. Aberrations in efferocytosis are associated with numerous inflammatory pathologies, including atherosclerosis, cancer and infe

A Holistic Review of Oncological Drug Targets and Trajectories of Resistance in Cancer Therapy.

The prolonged and intricate history of oncological treatments has transitioned significantly since the introduction of chemotherapy. Substantial therapeutic benefits in cancer therapy have been achieved by the integration of conventional treatments with molecular biosciences and omics technologies. Human epidermal growth factor receptor, hormone receptors, and angiogenesis factors are among the established therapies in tumor reduction and managing side effects. Novel targeted therapies like KRAS G12C, Claudin-18 isoform 2 (CLDN18.2), Trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 (TROP2), and epigenetic r

Экспериментальный аутоиммунный энцефаломиэлит патогенез меняется в зависимости от возраста животных: воздействие выражения S100B.

Множественный склероз (MS) является основной провокационной и нетравматической причиной инвалидности среди молодых людей, при этом у пациентов среднего возраста часто появляются поздние МБ, что приводит к более слабому лечению и худшим прогнозам. Протеина S100B, связывающего кальций, выше у пациентов с сеток, и ее целевая направленность показала, что в экспериментальных моделях аутоиммунного энцефаломиелита (EAE) она может снизить остроту заболеваний. Однако в большинстве исследований по патологии MS основное внимание уделяется моделям молодого животного, что оставляет пробел в понимании возде

Targeting urological cancers with CAR-T cell therapy: current landscape and future directions.

BACKGROUND: Urological cancers, including renal, bladder, and prostate cancers, are among the most prevalent solid tumors. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in hematologic malignancies has spurred its exploration for treating urological cancers. MAIN BODY: In the past decade, preclinical studies have demonstrated promising antitumor activity of CAR-T cells against urological cancers. Meanwhile, multiple clinical trials are currently underway to evaluate their safety and efficacy. However, significant challenges impede the efficacy of CAR-T cell therapy in urological

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… Binding to tumor targets rather than through major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted recognition, CAR-T cells are activated to eliminate tumor cells with improved therapy efficacy [ 22 ]. … histocompatibility complex Muscle-invasive bladder cancer Mesothelin Mammalian target of rapamycin Mucin Neoadjuvant chemotherapy Nuclear factor of the activated t cell Natural killer Natural killer group 2 member D Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer Oncolytic adenovirus Overall survival …

Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-Modified Immune Effector Cell Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML).

Despite the availability of an increasing number of targeted therapeutics and wider use of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, many patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) ultimately succumb to this disease. Given their remarkable efficacy in B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia and other CD19-expressing B cell malignancies, there is hope adoptive cellular transfer, particularly chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified immune effector cell (IEC) therapies, may afford a novel, potent immune-based approach for the treatment of AML that complements or replaces existing ones and impro

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… Figure 1 Types of gene-modified immune effector cell (IEC) constructs exerting cytotoxicity in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent or MHC-dependent manner as well as anatomy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) constructs. …

The Role of IL-33/ST2 Pathway in Tumorigenesis.

Cancer is initiated by mutations in critical regulatory genes; however, its progression to malignancy is aided by non-neoplastic cells and molecules that create a permissive environment known as the tumor stroma or microenvironment (TME). Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a dual function cytokine that also acts as a nuclear factor. IL-33 typically resides in the nucleus of the cells where it is expressed. However, upon tissue damage, necrosis, or injury, it is quickly released into extracellular space where it binds to its cognate receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2)L found on the membrane o

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… IL-33 expression positively correlated with expression of major histocompatibility complex 1 (MHC-I) [ 99 ]. …

Role of Non-Coding RNAs in the Development of Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy Approaches for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.

In the past decade, novel targeted therapy approaches, such as BTK inhibitors and Bcl2 blockers, and innovative treatments that regulate the immune response against cancer cells, such as monoclonal antibodies, CAR-T cell therapy, and immunomodulatory molecules, have been established to provide support for the treatment of patients. However, drug resistance development and relapse are still major challenges in CLL treatment. Several studies revealed that non-coding RNAs have a main role in the development and progression of CLL. Specifically, microRNAs (miRs) and tRNA-derived small-RNAs (tsRNAs

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… Once re-injected, the CAR-T cells multiply in the bloodstream, generating a population of T lymphocytes that can recognize target cancer cells without Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) restriction, and destroy them through cytotoxic effector mechanisms [ 167 ]. …

Резюме научных материалов, представленных ГКОМ 2019 : Берлин, Германия. 27 - 30 Март 2019

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… Gono O11 Quantitative high throughput screening of small molecule libraries to inhibit interferon beta-stimulated major histocompatibility complex class I in myositismuscle T. Kinder O12 Study of Tofacinitib in refractory dermatomyositis J. …

Tumor Vaccines: Unleashing the Power of the Immune System to Fight Cancer.

This comprehensive review delves into the rapidly evolving arena of cancer vaccines. Initially, we examine the intricate constitution of the tumor microenvironment (TME), a dynamic factor that significantly influences tumor heterogeneity. Current research trends focusing on harnessing the TME for effective tumor vaccine treatments are also discussed. We then provide a detailed overview of the current state of research concerning tumor immunity and the mechanisms of tumor vaccines, describing the complex immunological processes involved. Furthermore, we conduct an exhaustive analysis of the con

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… Factors considered in the selection process include the binding affinity of the neoantigen to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, the immunogenicity of the epitope, and the likelihood of generating T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition [ 251 , 252 ]. …

Potent molecular-targeted therapies for gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs), which are characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation, can arise in various organs. NENs have been divided into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) based on morphological differentiation, each of which has a distinct etiology, molecular profile, and clinicopathological features. While the majority of NECs originate in the pulmonary organs, extrapulmonary NECs occur most predominantly in the gastro-entero-pancreatic (GEP) system. Although platinum-based chemotherapy is the main therapeut

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… In addition, adaptive immunity in a subset of NEC cases was counteracted by immune escape mechanisms, such as loss of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I, and by negative regulation of adaptive immunity via cyclooxygenase-2 and β-catenin signaling [ 270 ]. …

Structure and function of therapeutic antibodies approved by the US FDA in 2023.

In calendar year 2023, the United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved a total of 55 new molecular entities, of which 12 were in the class of therapeutic antibodies. Besides antibody protein drugs, the US FDA also approved another five non-antibody protein drugs, making the broader class of protein drugs about 31% of the total approved drugs. Among the 12 therapeutic antibodies approved by the US FDA, 8 were relatively standard IgG formats, 3 were bivalent, bispecific antibodies and 1 was a trivalent, bispecific antibody. In 2023, no new antibody-drug conjugates, immunocytokin

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… Note that this number includes tebentafusp (Kimmtrak®), which is a soluble TCR (targeting major histocompatibility complex [MHC] receptor–loaded gp100 peptide; i.e., tumor antigen) × anti-CD3ε [ 64 ]. …

Recent Advances in Cancer Vaccines: Challenges, Achievements, and Futuristic Prospects.

Cancer is a chronic disease, and it can be lethal due to limited therapeutic options. The conventional treatment options for cancer have numerous challenges, such as a low blood circulation time as well as poor solubility of anticancer drugs. Therapeutic cancer vaccines emerged to try to improve anticancer drugs' efficiency and to deliver them to the target site. Cancer vaccines are considered a viable therapeutic technique for most solid tumors. Vaccines boost antitumor immunity by delivering tumor antigens, nucleic acids, entire cells, and peptides. Cancer vaccines are designed to induce lon

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… Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) components coupled to antibodies are expressed in high quantities by APCs, and have the capacity to take up and handle antigens [ 61 ]. …

miRNAs and lncRNAs as Novel Therapeutic Targets to Improve Cancer Immunotherapy.

Immunotherapy is presently one of the most promising areas of investigation and development for the treatment of cancer. While immune checkpoint-blocking monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell-based therapy have recently provided in some cases valuable therapeutic options, the goal of cure has not yet been achieved for most malignancies and more efforts are urgently needed. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNA), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), regulate several biological processes via selective targeting of crucial molecular signaling pathways. Recent

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… Specifically, in this step, tumor antigens loaded on Major Histocompatibility Complexes (MHCs) are presented on TCD4+ or TCD8+ lymphocytes, resulting in priming, activation, and trafficking of T cells from lymph nodes to tumor sites. …

Targeting Oncoproteins for Molecular Cancer Therapy

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… CD28 is a costimulatory receptor expressed on naïve T-cells that cooperatively acts with CD4 as part of the major histocompatibility complex to activate T-cells in response to antigen. …

Epigenetic Modulation and Bone Metastasis: Evolving Therapeutic Strategies.

Bone metastasis remains a significant cause of morbidity and diminished quality of life in patients with advanced breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Emerging research highlights the pivotal role of reversible epigenetic alterations, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, chromatin remodeling complex dysregulation, and non-coding RNA networks, in orchestrating each phase of skeletal colonization. Site-specific promoter hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes such as HIN-1 and RASSF1A, alongside global DNA hypomethylation that activates metastasis-associated genes, contributes to

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… In the context of solid tumors, decitabine has demonstrated the ability to upregulate immune-related gene expression, such as that of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules and cytokines [ 168 ]. …