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Electron microscopic studies of the optic nerve in experimental scrapie and the panencephalopathic type of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

We report the optic nerve ultrastructural pathology in experimental scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Vacuoles developed within myelinated axons contained typical secondary vacuoles and curled membranes. These were seen either within the axoplasm or within the myelin sheath which split either at the major dense line or at the intraperiod line. Spongiform changes were accompanied by an exuberant cellular reaction consisting of macrophages and hypertrophic astrocytes. Occasionally, vesicular myelin degeneration and coated vesicles in a close proximity to the myelin were observed.

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle mimics ultrastructurally experimental scrapie and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in rodents.

We report a comparison of the ultrastructural pathology of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, experimental scrapie in hamsters and a panencephalopathic model of Creuzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in mice. Vacuoles in dendrites, intramyelinic vacuoles (myelin ballooning), dystrophic axons, phagocytic astrocytes and macrophages, differing in extent, were found in all three models. We conclude, that this axonal and myelin pathology is a phenomenon common to the three models of SSVE studied, and the differences between panencephalophatic CJD and polioencephalopathic BSE and scrapie are only quantitativ…

Tuberous sclerosis: a neuropathological and immunohistochemical (PAP) study.

Clinical, neuropathological, and immunohistochemical (PAP) findings are reported in a 7 month-old girl with Tuberous sclerosis (TS). Polycystic kidneys and massive cardiomegaly constituted the prominent pathological features. The neuropathology of the syndrome was characterized by Megalencephaly, Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, Very large protoplasmic astrocytes in Golgi-rapid method preparations of cortical tubers and Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-negative giant cells in the subependymal nodules as well as in the cortical tubers. The identity of these giant cells is discussed.

The Reservoir Gate Theory: Microcirculatory Changes Involving Neurovascular Units After Traumatic Brain Injury.

Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide, and its pathological and physiological mechanisms are complex. In recent years, the research perspective centered on neurovascular units has revealed the crucial role of microcirculation disorders after traumatic brain injury. This article reviews the pathological manifestations of microcirculation disorders after traumatic brain injury and their interaction mechanisms with damage to various components of neurovascular units (endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes), and a new hypothesis of "The Reservoir G…

Bradyzoite subtypes rule the crossroads of Toxoplasma development.

Toxoplasmosis is a major risk to chronically infected individuals, especially those who become immunocompromised. Although one-third of the … distinct fates. Purified subtypes exhibit defined developmental pathways in animals and in primary astrocytes. Single-bradyzoite RNA-sequencing reveals five major subtypes within cysts. We further show that a crucial subtype in chronically infected mice is absent from a widely used in vitro model of bradyzoite development. Altogether, this work establishes …

Понимание барьера мозга в крови: от физиологии к патологии.

Барьер мозга крови (BBB) представляет собой высокоспециализированную структуру, которая отделяет циркуляцию крови от мозга, обеспечивая защиту, гомеостаз и оптимальное функционирование центральной нервной системы (CNS). Церебральные эндотелиальные клетки, перициты, астроциты и подземная мембрана образуют BBB. Взаимодействие этих элементов с нейронами и микроглией называется нейроваскулярной единицей (NVU). Каждый компонент играет основополагающую роль в поддержании целостности и функционирования ББД. Такая избирательная проницаемость имеет решающее значение для поддержания оптимальной среды дл

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized structure that separates the circulating blood from the brain, ensuring protection, homeostasis, and optimal functioning of the central nervous system (CNS). Cerebral endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and basement membrane form the BBB. The interaction of these elements with neurons and microglia …

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Glial Cells as Molecular Target for Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by resting tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural in … crucial role of neuroinflammation in dopaminergic degeneration and the involvement of microglia and astrocytes in this response, glial nAChRs may provide a novel therapeutic target in the prevention and/or treatment of PD. In this review, following a brief discussion of PD, we focus on the role of glial cells and, specifically, their nAChRs in PD pathology a …

Novel Perspectives Focused on the Relationship Between Herpesvirus Encephalitis and Anti-GFAP-Antibody-Positive Astrocytopathy.

Virus encephalitis (VE), recognized as one of the common kinds of central nervous system (CNS) diseases after virus infection, has a surprising correlation with autoimmune encephalitis (AE) when autoimmune antibodies emerge in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) or serum. Herpes simplex virus and Epstein-Barr virus are the most critical agents worldwide. By molecular mimicry, herpes viruses can invade the brain directly or indirectly. As a type-III intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) can be seen in both the central and peripheral nervous system and is regarded as a marker of as

Neonatal estrogen induces male-like expression of astroglial markers of maturation and plasticity in the neocortex of female mice.

Astroglia play a crucial role in various aspects of neurodevelopment including building, maintaining, and modulating neuronal circuits that underly complex behaviours in the neocortex. Telencephalic regions exhibit sex differences in neuronal networks that arise early in development. Astroglia express receptors for gonadal hormones responsible for the organization of sex differences, such as estrogen, placing them in a key position to modulate sex differences in the development of neuronal networks. Astroglial cells express specific proteins related to their morphology, function, and maturatio

Events Occurring in the Axotomized Facial Nucleus.

Transection of the rat facial nerve leads to a variety of alterations not only in motoneurons, but also in glial cells and inhibitory neurons in the ipsilateral facial nucleus. In injured motoneurons, the levels of energy metabolism-related molecules are elevated, while those of neurofunction-related molecules are decreased. In tandem with these motoneuron changes, microglia are activated and start to proliferate around injured motoneurons, and astrocytes become activated for a long period without mitosis. Inhibitory GABAergic neurons reduce the levels of neurofunction-related molecules. These…

Ocular flutter as the presenting manifestation of autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy.

A 39-year-old man exhibited ocular flutter and cerebellar ataxia following a subacute disturbance of consciousness and partial seizure. He was diagnosed with autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy by tissue- and cell-based antibody assays. Brain single-photon emission computed tomography detected a significant increase in blood flow in the fastigial nucleus, a critical region for eye saccade control. Immunotherapies diminished the ocular flutter and reduced hyperperfusion in the fastigial nucleus. This case suggests that autoimmune GFAP astrocytopathy can cause ocular

A clinical primer for the glymphatic system.

The complex and dynamic system of fluid flow through the perivascular and interstitial spaces of the CNS has new-found implications for neurological diseases. CSF movement throughout the CNS parenchyma is more dynamic than could be explained via passive diffusion mechanisms alone. Indeed, a semistructured glial-lymphatic (glymphatic) system of astrocyte-supported extracellular perivascular channels serves to directionally channel extracellular fluid, clearing metabolites and peptides to optimize neurological function. Clinical studies of the glymphatic network have to date proven challenging,

Central nervous system commitment in Chagas disease.

The involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) during human acute and chronic Chagas disease (CD) has been largely reported. Meningoenc … ory cytokines and parasitism in diverse cerebral areas, with involvement of microglia, macrophages, astrocytes, and neurons. However, the mechanisms used by the parasite to reach the brain remain now largely unknown. Herein we discuss the evidence unravelling the CNS involvement and complexity of neuroimmune interactions that take place in acute and chronic …

The Importance of CXCL1 in Physiology and Noncancerous Diseases of Bone, Bone Marrow, Muscle and the Nervous System.

This review describes the role of CXCL1, a chemokine crucial in inflammation as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, in physiology and in selected major non-cancer diseases. Due to the vast amount of available information, we focus on the role CXCL1 plays in the physiology of bones, bone marrow, muscle and the nervous system. For this reason, we describe its effects on hematopoietic stem cells, myoblasts, oligodendrocyte progenitors and osteoclast precursors. We also present the involvement of CXCL1 in diseases of selected tissues and organs including Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, herpes simple

Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy mimics infectious meningitis: Two case reports.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein astrocytopathy (A-GFAP-A) has been recently characterized as a novel autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disorder with GFAP antibody as the biomarker. However, nonspecific symptoms of A-GFAP-A contribute to misdiagnosis. CASE PRESENTATION: The patients presented with initial symptoms of fever, headache, and nuchal rigidity. Case 1 exhibited mild signs of irritability, active tendon reflexes, and dysuria; case 2 had transient loss of consciousness. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) revealed lymphocytosis, elevated protein level, and decreased

[Research progress on the effects of plateau hypoxia on blood-brain barrier structure and drug permeability].

Drugs for the treatment of central nervous system diseases need to enter the brain tissue through the blood-brain barrier to function. In high altitude hypoxic environment, there are changes in tight junction proteins of blood-brain barrier tissue structure, transporters in astrocytes and endothelial cells and ATP in endothelial cells; at the same time the permeability of the blood-brain barrier is increased. These changes are an important reference for rational drug use in patients with central nervous system disease in the plateau region. This article reviews the research progress on the eff…

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astroglia: A New Tool for Research Towards the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease.

Despite over a century of research into Alzheimer's disease (AD), progress in understanding the complex aetiology has been hindered, in part, by a lack of human, disease relevant, cellular models, reflected in an inability to translate results from animal studies to successful human therapies. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, in which somatic cells are reprogrammed to pluripotent stem cells, creates an ideal physiologically relevant model as they maintain the genetic identity of the donor. These iPSCs can self-renew indefinitely in vitro and have the capacity to differentiate i

Механизмы повреждения центральной нервной системы после экспериментальной цитомегаловирусной инфекции.

Для определения механизмов травмирования центральной нервной системы цитомегаловирусом использовалась модель морских свиней. Координирующая, хорошо основанная и гистопатологическая реакция включала микроглиальные конкреции без ресидуа и эпендимит с остаточными глиальными шрамами. Более высокая доза вирусной инфекции в мозге привела к провокационному некрозу с астроцитической реакцией на травму. Однако, моноциты и микроглия были доминирующими ответными клетками защиты хост-компьютера. Вазогенный патогенез был предложен участием сосудистого эндотелия и отдельно центральным нервным васкулитом, вп

Fine structure of cortical tubers in tuberous sclerosis: a Golgi study.

The fine structure of cerebral cortex, including cortical tubers, was studied in 3 patients with tuberous sclerosis. Tubers were found to consist of two predominant cell populations, astroglia and small multipolar (stellate) neurons. Both cell types tended to form aggregates within tubers, with glia more prominent in the subpial region. The stellate neurons of tubers had beaded or varicose dendrites with few dendritic spines. The findings suggest that neurons within tubers are an aberrant primitive cell type that fails to express the pyramidal cell shape and dendritic morphology that is charac