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Reducing tuberculosis transmission: a consensus document from the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe.

Evidence-based guidance is needed on 1) how tuberculosis (TB) infectiousness evolves in response to effective treatment and 2) how the TB infection risk can be minimised to help countries to implement community-based, outpatient-based care.This document aims to 1) review the available evidence on how quickly TB infectiousness responds to effective treatment (and which factors can lower or boost infectiousness), 2) review policy options on the infectiousness of TB patients relevant to the World Health Organization European Region, 3) define limitations of the available evidence and 4) provide r

Sand crickets (Gryllus firmus) have low susceptibility to entomopathogenic nematodes and their pathogenic bacteria.

The entomopathogenic nematode, Steinernema scapterisci, a specialist parasite of crickets, has been successfully used to combat the southern mole cricket, Neoscapteriscus borellii, which is an invasive pest of turf grass. As an entomopathogenic nematode, S. scapterisci causes rapid death of the insects it infects and uses bacteria to facilitate its parasitism. However, our understanding of the relative contributions of the nematode, S. scapterisci, and its bacterial symbiont, Xenorhabdus innexi, to parasitism remains limited. Here we utilized the sand cricket, Gryllus firmus, as a model host t

Fluoroquinolone prophylaxis in haematological cancer patients with neutropenia: ECIL critical appraisal of previous guidelines.

OBJECTIVES: Fluoroquinolone (FQ) prophylaxis was recommended in 2005 by European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL) for patients with prolonged neutropenia. In consideration of a worldwide increase in antibiotic resistance, the issue of FQ prophylaxis during neutropenia was re-evaluated. METHODS: Literature review of randomised controlled trials (RCT) and observational studies published in years 2006-2014 was performed. Their results were analysed in meta-analysis. Meta-regression model was applied to evaluate whether the rates of FQ resistance in community and hospital settings infl

Implementing systems thinking for infection prevention: The cessation of repeated scabies outbreaks in a respiratory care ward.

BACKGROUND: Root cause analysis (RCA) is often adopted to complement epidemiologic investigation for outbreaks and infection-related adverse … king for root causes of events. CONCLUSION: To improve the effectiveness of outbreaks analysis and infection control, an emphasis on systems thinking is critical, along with a practical approach to ensure its effective implementation. The SOEA model provides the necessary framework and is a viable complementary approach, or alternative, to RCA.

Mesh Infection and Hernia Repair: A Review.

BACKGROUND: The use of a prosthetic mesh to repair a tissue defect may produce a series of post-operative complications, among which infection is the most feared and one of the most devastating. When occurring, bacterial adherence and biofilm formation on the mesh surface affect the implant's tissue integration and host tissue regeneration, making preventive measures to control prosthetic infection a major goal of prosthetic mesh improvement. METHODS: This article reviews the literature on the infection of prosthetic meshes used in hernia repair to describe the in vitro and in vivo models use

Коронавирус дыхательного синдрома Ближнего Востока: обновление для врачей.

Несмотря на то, что в последнее время большое внимание уделяется выявлению заболевания вирусом Эбола среди путешественников из Западной Африки, продолжают поступать сообщения о случаях заболевания коронавирусом дыхательных путей на Ближнем Востоке (МЕРС-КОД), включая случаи, связанные с поездками. Американские врачи должны быть знакомы с рекомендациями относительно того, когда подозревать MERS-COV, как диагностировать и какие меры по борьбе с инфекциями должны быть приняты в случае подозрений. Борьба с инфекциями имеет особо важное значение с учетом того, что большинство случаев связаны с меди

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Although much recent focus has been on the recognition of Ebola virus disease among travelers from West Africa, cases of Middle East respira … familiar with recommendations regarding when to suspect MERS-CoV, how to make a diagnosis, and what infection control measures need to be instituted when a case is suspected. Infection control is especially critical, given that most cases have been healthcare-associated. Two cases of MERS-CoV were identified in the United States in May 2014; because these cases wer …

Health care workers causing large nosocomial outbreaks: a systematic review.

BACKGROUNDS: Staff in the hospital itself may be the source of a nosocomial outbreak (NO). But the role of undetected carriers as an outbreak source is yet unknown. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted to evaluate outbreaks caused by health care workers (HCW). The Worldwide Outbreak Database and PubMed served as primary sources of data. Articles in English, German or French were included. Other reviews were excluded. There were no restrictions with respect to the date of publication.Data on setting, pathogens, route of transmission, and characteristics of the HCW was retrieved. Data fro

Treatment of chlamydial infections.

INTRODUCTION: Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens whose entry into mucosal epithelial cells is required for intracellular survival and subsequent growth. The life cycle of Chlamydia spp. and the ability to cause persistent, often subclinical infection, has major ramifications for diagnosis and treatment of C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae infections in humans. AREAS COVERED: This up-to-date review describes the current state of knowledge of antimicrobial susceptibilities and treatment of genital infections due to C. trachomatis and respiratory infections due to C. pneumo

Rapid control of a scabies outbreak at a tertiary care hospital without ward closure.

BACKGROUND: Although scabies outbreaks in hospitals are frequent, the optimal approach to management of these outbreaks has not yet been defined. We describe a hospital scabies outbreak that was successfully controlled without ward closure. METHODS: An outbreak of scabies at a teaching hospital and subsequent control measures were investigated. Outcomes included the number of cases affecting patients and staff, number of patients and staff requiring prophylaxis, duration of the outbreak, and cost of the outbreak. Outcomes were compared with those in a similar outbreak occurring at the same ho

Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention.

As the risks of allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT)-transmitted viruses were reduced to exceedingly low levels in the US, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs), and transfusion-associated sepsis (TAS) emerged as the leading causes of ABT-related deaths. Since 2004, preventive measures for TRALI and TAS have been implemented, but their implementation remains incomplete. Infectious causes of ABT-related deaths currently account for less than 15% of all transfusion-related mortality, but the possibility remains that a new transfusion-transmitted agen

[Legionella].

The number of reported Japanese cases was smaller than those in European countries and the United States. The scarcity of clinical cases may reflect underdiagnosis rather than low incidence. The reported incidence of nosocomial pneumonia is directly correlated with two factors: the ready availability of specialized diagnostic tests in-house(especially sputum culture and urinary antigen assay) and the presence of Legionella in the hospital water supply. The Guideline for Prevention of Nosocomial Pneumonia published in 1994 by the Hospital Infection Control Practiced Advisory Committee of the CD…

Managing central venous catheters: a prospective randomised trial of two methods.

A randomised, prospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact on central venous catheter (CVC) infection when fluids and lines connected to a CVC were changed using a 'sterile' compared to an 'aseptic, non-touch' technique. The study sought to determine whether there were any differences in CVC tip colonisation (CTC) or CVC-related bacteraemia (CRB) as a result of the technique used for fluid and line changes. In the sterile technique (control) group, fluids and tubing were changed using full sterile technique. In the aseptic, non-touch (experimental) group, fluids and tubing attached t

Treatment of a Legionella pneumophila-colonized water distribution system using copper-silver ionization and continuous chlorination.

The detection in April 1997 of a case of nosocomial legionellosis in our hospital led to the discovery that both our hot- and cold-water circuits were heavily colonized with Legionella pneumophila. Conventional methods for eradication of the organisms were unsuccessful, so a copper-silver (Cu-Ag) ionization system and a continuous chlorination system were installed. Five months later, the number of colonized sites decreased from an initial 58.3% to 16.7%.

Management of the transplant recipient with pulmonary infection.

Pneumonia is a common and potentially fatal complication of transplantation. The clinical approach to this problem requires a multipronged attack. Thorough evaluation of the donor and recipient reduces the risk of infection while pointing to likely infectious complications to be anticipated posttransplant. Careful attention to infection control measures with emphasis on handwashing, high efficiency particulate air filtration, and aggressive outbreak investigation minimizes nosocomial pneumonias. Appropriate use of vaccines and prophylactic antimicrobial therapies decreases posttransplant morbi…

Vector transmission heterogeneity and the population dynamics and control of lymphatic filariasis.

A long-standing gap in lymphatic filariasis epidemiology is quantifying the potential effect that heterogeneous infection processes occurring in the major mosquito vector genera may have on parasite transmission and control. Although previous studies have focussed on examining the forms of the density dependent mechanisms regulating larval infection in various mosquito genera, there has been little work done thus far in investigating how such differential processes might interact with density-dependent processes occurring in other stages of the parasite life cycle to influence overall transmis

Bilateral Three-Port Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Thymectomy for Thymoma in Good's Syndrome With a History of Bacteremia.

A 62-year-old man presented with back pain, lower leg swelling, and fever and was referred to our hospital. Blood cultures identified Helicobacter fennelliae as the causative agent of bacteremia associated with pyogenic spondylitis and cellulitis. CT revealed a tumor in the upper anterior mediastinum, and blood tests showed low gamma globulin levels, raising the suspicion of Good's syndrome. Infection control was prioritized, and the patient received antibiotics for four weeks. After blood cultures returned negative, preoperative gamma globulin was administered to mitigate infection risk, and …

Development of a Gaussia luciferase immunoprecipitation assay for detecting Schistosoma japonicum infection.

Timely and accurate diagnosis of Schistosoma infection is important to adopt effective strategies for schistosomiasis control. Previously, we demonstrated that Schistosoma japonicum can secret extracellular vesicles and their cargos may serve as a novel type of biomarkers for diagnosing schistosomiasis. Here, we developed a Gaussia luciferase immunoprecipitation assay combined with S. japonicum extracellular vesicle (SjEV) protein to evaluate its potential for diagnosing schistosomiasis. A saposin-like protein (SjSLP) identified from SjEVs was fused to the Gaussia luciferase as the diagnostic

[Two surveys of human important parasitic diseases in Xihu District, Hangzhou City].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the status and epidemic rules of human important parasite infections, and evaluate the control effect in Xihu District, so as to provide evidence for improving future parasitic disease control. METHODS: Two surveys were performed in 2003 and 2009 in accordance with The Regulations of National Survey of the Distribution of Human Parasites, respectively. RESULTS: Four kinds of parasites were identified in 2003. The total infection rate was 7.81%, and the infection rates of hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Enterobius vermicularis were 5.61%, 0.13

[Characteristics of pulmonary function in infants and young children with pertussis-like coughing].

OBJECTIVE: To study the characteristics of pulmonary function in children with pertussis-like coughing caused by different pathogen infections. METHODS: The data on etiology and tidal breathing pulmonary function were collected from 95 hospitalized infants and young children with pertussis-like coughing. The tidal breathing pulmonary function was compared between these children and 67 healthy children. According to the type of pathogen, the children with pertussis-like coughing were classified to 6 groups: pertussis (n=17), viral infection (n=23), tuberculosis infection (n=6), Mycoplasma infe