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Field trials of praziquantel and oxamniquine for the treatment of schistosomiasis mansoni in Burundi.

Praziquantel and oxamniquine were evaluated under operational conditions for use in mass-treatment campaigns in the Rusizi Plain, Burundi. After 6 weeks, the cure rates for oxamniquine at 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg in children (less than 20 years) were respectively 47%, 67% and 86%; in adults they were 86%, 97% and 97%. The egg reduction rates were over 98% in all groups. For praziquantel at 20, 30 and 40 mg/kg the cure rates in children were respectively 58%, 63% and 78%; in adults, 55%, 87% and 91%. The egg reduction rates were respectively 92%, 96%, 98% and 91%, 98%, 98%. These results were largel…

Border Region Surveillance of Malaria Drug Resistance, Northern Burundi, 2023-2024.

To evaluated artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R) in malaria in Burundi, during December 2023-June 2024, we studied 423 children <5 years of age with uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in 8 health facilities in the northern part of the country. After artemether/lumefantrine treatment with only the first dose directly observed, 4.5% remained parasitemic on day 3. No pfkelch13 mutations, validated or candidate markers of ART-R, were detected. However, markers of antifolate and 4-aminoquinoline resistance were widespread: the dhfr triple mutant N51I/C59R/S108N was nearly fixed (92%), d…

Feasibility and outcomes of diabetes mellitus screening in people with tuberculosis in Burundi.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with an increased risk of death and relapse during tuberculosis (TB) treatment. Systematic screening and treating DM can improve outcomes. However, DM screening is poorly implemented in low-resource settings. We discuss implementation and results from the first integrated DM screening program in TB treatment centers in Burundi. METHODS: People diagnosed with TB who consented were screened for DM. The prevalence and number needed-to-test (NNT) for DM in people with TB with unknown DM status were estimated. Predictors for DM were assessed using m…

Economic burden of malaria in children under the age of five in Burundi.

BACKGROUND: Although malaria is the leading killer of children under the age of five in Burundi, limited evidence on the associated costs are available. This study estimates the cost per malaria episode from the household, health system, and societal perspectives for children under the age of five in Burundi. METHODS: A micro-costing approach was used to estimate the cost per episode at community, primary, secondary and tertiary levels of the healthcare system at 15 sites across all five geographic regions in Burundi. Household costs were collected through interviews with caregivers using a s…

Cholera Hot-Spots and Contextual Factors in Burundi, Planning for Elimination.

The Republic of Burundi first reported cholera cases in 1978 and outbreaks have been occurring nearly every year since then. From 2008-2020, 6949 cases and 43 deaths were officially reported. To evaluate Burundi's potential to eliminate cholera, we identified hotspots using cholera incidence and disease persistence as suggested by the Global Task Force for Cholera Control. The mean annual incidence for each district that reported cholera ranged from 0.29 to 563.14 cases per 100,000 population per year from 2014-2020. Ten of 12 Health Districts which recorded cholera cases reported a mean annua…

A decade of aid coordination in post-conflict Burundi's health sector.

BACKGROUND: The launch of Global Health Initiatives in early 2000' coincided with the end of the war in Burundi. The first large amount of funding the country received was ear-marked for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and immunization programs. Thereafter, when at global level aid effectiveness increasingly gained attention, coordination mechanisms started to be implemented at national level. METHODS: This in-depth case study provides a description of stakeholders at national level, operating in the health sector from early 2000' onwards, and an analysis of coordination mechanisms and sta…

Cysticercosis as a major risk factor for epilepsy in Burundi, east Africa.

PURPOSE: Human cysticercosis is a direct consequence of infection by Taenia solium larvae (Cysticercus cellulosae). Results of studies on the impact of neurocysticercosis on epilepsy in Africa are inconsistent. The objective was to evaluate the role of cysticercosis in epilepsy in Burundi. METHODS: A prevalent matched case-control design was used in the Kiremba area, Burundi, between March and April 2001. One case with epilepsy was matched to two control subjects, according to their age. Cases were subjects who had shown at least two unprovoked epileptic seizures within a 24-h time range and …

Отклонение временных тенденций передачи вируса обезболивающих обезьян в Бурунди.

Используя данные по мпоксу из Бурунди в период с августа 2024 года по апрель 2025 года, мы откалибровали математическую модель для количественной оценки временных тенденций передачи вируса обезьяноксика. Результаты, полученные с помощью модели, свидетельствуют о снижении общей тенденции передачи. Согласно оценкам, дети в возрасте 0 - 4 и 5 - 9 лет подвергаются более высокому риску инфицирования по сравнению с пожилыми возрастными группами, в то время как сексуальные контакты, как представляется, составляют до 50% общей передачи инфекции.

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
Utilizing mpox case data from Burundi between August 2024 and April 2025, we calibrated a mathematical model to quantify the temporal trends of clade Ib monkeypox virus transmission. The model outputs indicated a declining overall transmission trend. Children aged 0-4 and 5-9 years were estimated to be at higher risk of infection compared to older age groups…

Baseline, Impact and Surveillance Trachoma Prevalence Surveys in Burundi, 2018-2021.

PURPOSE: Trachoma is an eye disease caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct). It can lead to permanent vision loss. Since 2007, Burundi has included trachoma elimination as part of its fight against neglected tropical diseases and blindness. This study presents the results of trachoma baseline, impact and surveillance surveys conducted in Burundi between 2018 and 2021. METHODS: Areas were grouped into evaluation units (EU) with resident populations of between 100,000 and 250,000 people. Baseline surveys were conducted in 15 EUs, impact surveys in 2 EUs and surveillance surveys in 5 …

When uncommon uncovers: mucosal tuberculosis in a medical tourist from Burundi.

Tuberculosis confined to the mucus membranes is a rare presentation in the era of effective chemotherapy. We describe a case of mucosal tuberculosis in a "medical tourist" from Burundi that went undiagnosed for 6 years. Starting as conjunctivitis, the disease has spread to involve the nose and larynx as well. The clinical, pathophysiological, and epidemiological aspects are discussed.

Delivering orthopaedics in Burundi: a model for humanitarian surgery in resource-limited settings.

Burundi remains one of the most socioeconomically challenged countries globally, facing profound limitations in healthcare infrastructure, workforce, and access. In this context, the Italian Medical Foundation for Central Africa (FIMAC) has conducted humanitarian orthopaedic missions for over two decades in Bubanza, addressing critical musculoskeletal conditions in both paediatric and adult populations. This essay provides a comprehensive overview of the operational, clinical, and ethical dimensions of these missions. Commonly treated pathologies include chronic osteomyelitis, neglected fractu…

Emergency obstetric care in a rural district of Burundi: What are the surgical needs?

OBJECTIVES: In a rural district hospital in Burundi offering Emergency Obstetric care-(EmOC), we assessed the a) characteristics of women at risk of, or with an obstetric complication and their types b) the number and type of obstetric surgical procedures and anaesthesia performed c) human resource cadres who performed surgery and anaesthesia and d) hospital exit outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of EmOC data (2011 and 2012). RESULTS: A total of 6084 women were referred for EmOC of whom 2534(42%) underwent a major surgical procedure while 1345(22%) required a minor procedure (36% w…

Obstetric fistula in Burundi: a comprehensive approach to managing women with this neglected disease.

BACKGROUND: In Burundi, the annual incidence of obstetric fistula is estimated to be 0.2-0.5% of all deliveries, with 1000-2000 new cases per year. Despite this relatively high incidence, national capacity for identifying and managing obstetric fistula is very limited. Thus, in July 2010, Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) set up a specialised Obstetric Fistula Centre in Gitega (Gitega Fistula Centre, GFC), the only permanent referral centre for obstetric fistula in Burundi. A comprehensive model of care is offered including psychosocial support, conservative and surgical management, post-operativ…

Evaluation of a social marketing intervention promoting oral rehydration salts in Burundi.

BACKGROUND: Diarrhea is the second leading cause of death for children under five in Burundi; however, use of oral rehydration salts (ORS), the recommended first-line treatment, remains low. In 2004, PSI/Burundi launched a social marketing intervention to promote ORASEL among caregivers of children under five; the product was relaunched in 2006 with a new flavor. This study evaluates the intervention after the ORASEL relaunch, which included mass media and interpersonal communication activities. The study looks at trends in ORASEL use in Burundi and in behavioral determinants that may be relat…

[Electroencephalograms (EEG) in 250 patients with epilepsy in a cysticercosis endemic area in Burundi].

OBJECTIVES: This work aimed at describing EEG abnormalities in epileptic patients living in areas endemic for cysticercosis, underlining the electroclinical correlations and discussing the interest of EEG examination in this context. METHODS: During a case-control study, 250 EEGs from patients with epilepsy were recorded with a portable system. Types of seizures were assessed clinically and from information obtained through a standardised questionnaire, and along with EEG were related to the results of cysticercosis serological tests. RESULTS: Among the 249 EEGs, 48% were normal, 5.2% had ep

Nutritional status of adult inpatients in Bujumbura, Burundi (impact of HIV infection).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and analyse the characteristics and causes of malnutrition among inpatients in an HIV highly endemic area. DESIGN: Prospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Bujumbura, Burundi. SUBJECTS: 226 adult inpatients. MAIN OUTCOMES MEASURES: Evaluation of nutritional status using anthropometry. Degree of malnutrition defined by the percentage of body weight loss (BWL), calculated by reference to the usual body weight. RESULTS: Among the 226 patients recruited (mean age: 34.4 +/- 11.9 y, M:F sex ratio: 1.…

[Cryptococcosis in Bujumbura, Burundi. Apropos of 80 observed cases in 42 months].

Cryptococcosis is a systemic fungal disease and meningeal or meningoencephalitis involvement is the most serious complication. This is a retrospective analysis of 80 patients admitted from December 1983 to October 1985 (30 cases) and June 1987 to December 1988 (50 cases) in hospital of Bujumbura, Burundi, Central Africa. All patients have an AIDS. Clinically, the meningeal and meningoencephalitis attack prevails in 87% cases. The diagnosis in our study is essentially based on the examination of the CRL. Before the new antifungals, the treatment involved the association of amphotericin B and 5-…

[A sero-epidemiologic survey of HIV infection in Burundi between 1980 and 1981].

A retrospective investigation permitted us to show presence of HIV infection in Burundi between 1980 and 1981. 658 sera collected in healthy population of Burundi during this period have been tested for HIV1 and HIV2 with ELISA screening and western-blot analysis. Results completed with HIV1 antigen research show 29 patients infected with HIV1 (27 antibodies to HIV1 carriers, and 2 with HIV1 antigen). The epidemiological situation before finding HIV show high prevalence (4.4%) of HIV1 infection. No HIV2 was found. The epidemiology of HIV infection was dominated by high prevalence in urban area…

Whole-genome sequencing reveals a previously unrecognized measles virus cluster in Burundi.

Despite remarkable progress towards measles elimination in Burundi, the country has seen a resurge in cases since 2019. Epidemiological investigations have been performed; however, it remained unclear if all measles cases involved in recent outbreaks were linked or caused by multiple independent events including introductions from other countries. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the genetic diversity and evolution of measles virus (MeV) during the last large MeV outbreak in Burundi in 2024. The study was carried out on oropharyngeal swab samples collected from four nei…