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Chinese military medical teams in the Ebola outbreak of Sierra Leone.

The 2014-2015 Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa was the largest in history. The three most affected countries, Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone, have faced enormous challenges in controlling transmission and providing clinical care for patients with EVD. The Chinese government, in response to the requests of the WHO and the governments of the affected countries, responded rapidly by deploying Chinese military medical teams (CMMTs) to the areas struck by the deadly epidemic. A total of three CMMTs, comprising 115 military medical professionals, were rotationally deployed to Free…

A chaotic model for the epidemic of Ebola virus disease in West Africa (2013-2016).

An epidemic of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) broke out in Guinea in December 2013. It was only identified in March 2014 while it had already spread out in Liberia and Sierra Leone. The spill over of the disease became uncontrollable and the epidemic could not be stopped before 2016. The time evolution of this epidemic is revisited here with the global modeling technique which was designed to obtain the deterministic models from single time series. A generalized formulation of this technique for multivariate time series is introduced. It is applied to the epidemic of EVD in West Africa focusing on …

Case Report: Paederus Dermatitis in the Returning Traveler.

Rash in the returned traveler can provide a diagnostic dilemma for clinicians, but a detailed history including epidemiologic exposures can allow prompt diagnosis of etiologies uncommon in the United States. One such disease is Paederus dermatitis, an irritant contact dermatitis related to exposure to the rove beetle characterized by bullous lesions with surrounding erythema. Although cases and outbreaks have commonly been reported throughout the world, they are rarely reported in travelers returning to the United States. Here, we describe a patient who presented to an academic medical center

Application of the verbal autopsy during a clinical trial.

During a community-based treatment trial of onchocerciasis with ivermectin, verbal autopsies were employed as one method to assess the safety of the drug. The verbal autopsy questionnaire was designed to determine causes of death and mortality differentials in the treated population. During the 8 months of surveillance here reported, 25 individuals died, yet only 9 of these deaths were certified. Seven of the deaths occurred to individuals who had been treated with ivermectin and the majority of the deaths occurred to children under 5, who were excluded from treatment. The verbal autopsy metho

The potential impact of a prophylactic vaccine for Ebola in Sierra Leone.

The 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa was multinational and of an unprecedented scale primarily affecting the countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. One of the qualities that makes EVD of high public concern is its potential for extremely high mortality rates (up to 90%). A prophylactic vaccine for ebolavirus (rVSV-ZEBOV) has been developed, and clinical trials show near-perfect efficacy. We have developed an ordinary differential equations model that simulates an EVD epidemic and takes into account (1) transmission through contact with infectious EVD individua…

Modeling spatial invasion of Ebola in West Africa.

The 2014-2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) epidemic in West Africa was the largest ever recorded, representing a fundamental shift in Ebola epi … demic growth observed in Guinea. We found that local-transmission reductions were most effective in Liberia, while long-range transmission was dominant in Sierra Leone. Both models illustrated that interventions in one region result in an amplified protective effect on other regions by preventing spatial transmission. In the district-level model, interven …

Проведение массовых спортивных мероприятий во время вспышки вируса Эбола в Западной Африке в 2013 - 2016 годах: опыт трех африканских стран.

• Массовые мероприятия на спортивных мероприятиях привлекают миллионы международных и национальных путешественников из принимающих стран, которые могут поставить себя под угрозу приобретения местных эндемических инфекционных заболеваний. • Вспышка заболевания вирусом Эбола (ВИД) в 2013 - 2016 годах в Западной Африке, в результате которой было зарегистрировано более 28 637 случаев и погибло 11 315 человек, потребовала, чтобы страны, проводившие эти мероприятия, разработали программы общественного здравоохранения для усиления наблюдения и разработки конкретных планов реагирования на любые предпо

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
• Mass gatherings at sporting events attract millions of international and national host-country travellers, who may put themselves at risk … d in Africa during the EVD outbreak, attended by athletes from numerous African countries including Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea, the three countries most affected by EVD: the African Youth Games (Botswana), Africa Cup of Nations (Equatorial Guinea), and All-Africa Games (Republic of Congo). • A large range of infectious diseases other than EVD were …

Lassa fever in West African sub-region: an overview.

Lassa fever is an acute viral zoonotic illness caused by Lassa virus, an arenavirus known to be responsible for a severe haemorrhagic fever characterised by fever, muscle aches, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and, chest and abdominal pain. The virus exhibits persistent, asymptomatic infection with profuse urinary virus excretion in the ubiquitous rodent vector, Mastomys natalensis. Lassa fever is endemic in West Africa and has been reported from Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria. Some studies indicate that 300,000 to 500,000 cases of Lassa fever and 5000 deaths occur yearly across West…

Lassa virus activity in Guinea: distribution of human antiviral antibody defined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with recombinant antigen.

More than 3,100 households in 27 selected villages distributed in the main geographic regions of Guinea were surveyed for the presence of Lassa virus-specific IgG antibodies (LVA), using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with Lassa virus nucleocapsid protein expressed in insect cells infected with a recombinant baculovirus as antigen. The highest prevalence of LVA (25-55%) was found among inhabitants of tropical secondary forest (areas near Gueckedou, Yomou, and Lola) and guinea savannah (Faranah and Kindia areas), near the southern frontiers with Sierra Leone and Liberia. A much lo…

Inequitable access to Ebola vaccines and the resurgence of Ebola in Africa: A state of arts review.

The Ebola virus, a member of the filoviridae family of viruses, is responsible for causing Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) with a case fatality rate as high as 50%. The largest EVD outbreak was recorded in West Africa from March 2013 to June 2016, leading to over 28 000 cases and 11 000 deaths. It affected several countries, including Nigeria, Senegal, Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. Until then, EVD was predominantly reported in remote villages in central and west Africa close to tropical rainforests. Human mobility, behavioral and cultural norms, the use of bushmeat, burial customs, preference f…

West Africa 2013: Re-examining Ebola.

The outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) that occurred from 2013 to 2016 in the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, with imported cases to three neighboring African countries as well as to the United States and Europe, constituted a major humanitarian disaster. The outbreak numbered over 28,500 cases, more than 10 times the number cumulatively registered from all previous EVD outbreaks combined, with at least 11,000 deaths, and resulted in billions of dollars of lost economic growth to an already impoverished region. The unprecedented scale of West Africa 2013 took th…

Lassa fever: review of epidemiology and epizootiology.

The basic ecology of Lassa fever appears to involve enzootic transmission of virus in commensal populations of a single murine species, Mast … ted hyperendemic disease in eastern Sierra Leone. Cases have occurred in Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, and serological evidence exists for activity of the virus elsewhere in West and Central Africa. Seasonal factors appear to play a role in the appearance of human cases. Attack rates have been higher in adults than in children. The source of infecti …

Application of the CDC EbolaResponse Modeling tool to disease predictions.

Model-based predictions were critical in eliciting a vigorous international public health response to the 2014 Ebola Virus Disease outbreak in West Africa. Here, we describe the performances of an extension of the CDC-initiated EbolaResponse Modeling tool to the Ebola Forecasting Challenge, which offered a controlled environment for epidemiological predictions. In the EbolaResponse tool, transmission risks and proportions of population affected by interventions were fitted to data via least square fitting. Prediction performances were evaluated for 5 prediction time points of 4 synthetic outbr

Evidence to support the hypothesis of tuberculosis as a cause of extreme osteonecrosis and osteomyelitis of the mandible in a West African population.

Maxillofacial tuberculosis (TB) is rare. The cases of 19 patients showing extreme bony destruction in the mandible, collected over a 3-month period in West Africa, are presented. Clinical, radiographic, and histological evidence indicated Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a possible cause. Further studies are in progress.

Experimental Treatment of Ebola Virus Disease with Brincidofovir.

BACKGROUND: The nucleotide analogue brincidofovir was developed to prevent and treat infections caused by double-stranded DNA viruses. Based on in vitro data suggesting an antiviral effect against Ebola virus, brincidofovir was included in the World Health Organisation list of agents that should be prioritised for clinical evaluation in patients with Ebola virus disease (EVD) during the West African epidemic. METHODS AND FINDINGS: In this single-arm phase 2 trial conducted in Liberia, patients with laboratory-confirmed EVD (two months of age or older, enrolment bodyweight ≥50 kg) received ora…

The Mpox Outbreak 2025: A Call for Coordinated Global Action and Equity.

The multi-country Mpox (monkeypox) outbreak remains an important issue of global public health, with reported cases of 44,299 and 180 deaths, respectively, in 93 countries by September 2025. Although Africa remains the epicentre, with almost 40,000 cases within countries such as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Liberia, Kenya, and Ghana, Europe and South-East Asia have also become new hotspots due to the growing clade Ib virus strain. It is a strain that spreads mostly among men who have sex with men, creating new difficulties because of declining vaccine immunity and the influx of …

A metapopulation model with exit screening measure for the 2014-2016 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak.

We construct a new metapopulation model for the transmission dynamics and control of the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) in an environment characterized by considerable migrations and travels of people. It is an extended SEIR model modified by the addition of Quarantine and Isolated compartments to account for travelers who undergo the exit screening. The model is well-fitted by using the reported cases from the neighboring countries Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone where the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak simultaneously arose. We show that the unique disease-free equilibrium (DFE) of the model is unstabl…

Malaria Falciparum: Relapse After a Decade.

Malaria is an infection caused by the Plasmodium malaria (PM) parasite. There are still cases of malaria that are reported in the United Sta … 3 years after the infection. We report a 31-year-old female with a history of malarial infection in Liberia, which had been treated ten years prior to her arrival in the United States. She presented to the hospital with abdominal pain, fever, and headache. She was eventually diagnosed with plasmodium malaria infection relapse and treated with a 14-day cou …

The use of antibiotics in COVID-19 management: a rapid review of national treatment guidelines in 10 African countries.

Antimicrobial resistance is a hidden threat lurking behind the COVID-19 pandemic which has claimed thousands of lives prior to the emergence … COVID-19 in 10 African countries (Ghana, Kenya, Uganda, Nigeria, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Liberia, Ethiopia, and Rwanda) and examined its implication for antimicrobial resistance response on the continent. Our findings revealed that various antibiotics, such as azithromycin, doxycycline, clarithromycin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, amoxicillin, am …

In Vivo Activity of Amodiaquine against Ebola Virus Infection.

During the Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic in Western Africa (2013‒2016), antimalarial treatment was administered to EVD patients due to the high coexisting malaria burden in accordance with World Health Organization guidelines. In an Ebola treatment center in Liberia, EVD patients receiving the combination antimalarial artesunate-amodiaquine had a lower risk of death compared to those treated with artemether-lumefantrine. As artemether and artesunate are derivatives of artemisinin, the beneficial anti-Ebola virus (EBOV) effect observed could possibly be attributed to the change from lumefa…