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Clinical Presentation, Aetiology, and Outcomes of Meningitis in a Setting of High HIV and TB Prevalence.

Meningitis causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. The aim of this study was to study the clinical presentation, aetiology, and … iation between variables was analysed using Fisher's exact test. 56 patients were enrolled; the HIV coinfection rate was 79%. The most common presenting symptoms were altered mental status, neck stiffness, headache, and fever. TB meningitis was the most frequent diagnosis (39%), followed by bacterial (27%), viral (18%), and cryptococcal meningitis (16%). In-h …

The associations of Leishmania major and Leishmania tropica aspects by focusing their morphological and molecular features on clinical appearances in Khuzestan Province, Iran.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis has various phenotypic aspects consisting of polymorphic amastigotes with different genetic ranges. Samples were col … ine L. tropica had regular amastigote shapes with more genetic variations, also a patient which had coinfection of L. major, L. tropica, and Crithidia. At least two L. major and L. tropica were identified in suspected patients of the regions. Different irregular amastigotes' shapes of L. major can be explained by various reservoir hosts and vectors. In contra …

Ledipasvir : a novel synthetic antiviral for the treatment of HCV infection.

INTRODUCTION: About 150,000,000 people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). HCV infection can lead to liver cirr … C, its efficacy remains to be established in patients with genotype 4, 5 or 6, in subjects with HIV coinfection, in hemodialyzed and elderly patients and in subjects with decompensated cirrhosis. If the excellent results of combination therapy be confirmed in larger trials, hepatologists will have the possibility to cure most HCV-positive patients in the near …

Prevalence and Incidence of Syphilis among Volunteer Blood Donors in Israel.

Data of 1,290,222 volunteer blood donors, in a 5-year period, was analyzed for prevalence and incidence of syphilis. Subsequent testing of d … f recent infection, and 66.8% had past infections. Incidence rate reached 8 : 100,000 person-years. Coinfection with HIV, HCV, and HBV was calculated as 8%, 1.88%, and 0.37% for positive donations, respectively. The data support the need to continue screening blood donors in Israel for syphilis and employ preventive measures to populations at risk, in order t …

New research tools for urogenital schistosomiasis.

Approximately 200,000,000 people have schistosomiasis (schistosome infection). Among the schistosomes, Schistosoma haematobium is responsible for the most infections, which are present in 110 million people globally, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. This pathogen causes an astonishing breadth of sequelae: hematuria, anemia, dysuria, stunting, uremia, bladder cancer, urosepsis, and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Refined estimates of the impact of schistosomiasis on quality of life suggest that it rivals malaria. Despite S. haematobium's importance, relevant research has lagged. Here, we…

ITS1 PCR-RFLP Diagnosis and Characterization of Leishmania in Clinical Samples and Strains from Cases of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in States of the Mexican Southeast.

American cutaneous leishmaniasis includes a spectrum of clinical forms localized cutaneous, diffuse cutaneous, and mucocutaneous leishmanias … ave similar patterns to that of Leishmania braziliensis, and 5 samples gave patterns that suggest a coinfection of L. (L.) mexicana and L. (V.) braziliensis or L. (L.) mexicana and L. (L.) amazonensis. The ITS1 PCR-RFLP assay is a multipurpose tool for diagnosis of Leishmania from clinical samples and enables determination of the infecting species of New Worl …

Mortality of tuberculosis patients during treatment in Israel, 2000-2010.

SETTING: Tuberculosis (TB) epidemiology in Israel is similar to that reported from other industrialised countries where most patients are fo … the study period. Risk factors for death included male sex, older age, human immunodeficiency virus coinfection, culture positivity and multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB). Patients aged ≥65 years comprised 70% of the TB-related deaths, and more than half of these (54.9%) were born in the former Soviet Union, Europe (excluding the former Soviet Union) or the USA. …

Bacterial heterogeneity is a requirement for host superinfection by the Lyme disease spirochete.

In nature, mixed Borrelia burgdorferi infections are common and possibly can be acquired by either superinfection or coinfection. Superinfection by heterologous B. burgdorferi strains has been established experimentally, although the ability of homologous B. burgdorferi clones to superinfect a host has not been studied in detail. Information regarding any potential immune barriers to secondary infection also currently is unavailable. In the present study, the ability to superinfect various mouse models by homologous wild-type clones was examined and compared to superinfection by heterologous s…

In astrocytes the accumulation of the immunity-related GTPases Irga6 and Irgb6 at the vacuole of Toxoplasma gondii is dependent on the parasite virulence.

Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite responsible for a common infection of the central nervous system. Interfer … ls. Both IRG proteins could temporarily be found at the same PV, but did only partially colocalize. Coinfection of avirulent and virulent parasites confirmed that the accumulation of the two analyzed IRGs was a characteristic of the individual PV and not determined by the presence of other strains of T. gondii in the same host cell. Thus, in astrocytes the ac …

Congenic strains for genetic analysis of virulence traits in Cryptococcus gattii.

Cryptococcus gattii is responsible for a large outbreak of potentially fatal disease that started in the late 1990s on Vancouver Island, Can … ow the same virulence in different models of cryptococcosis and equivalent levels of competition in coinfection assays. These results rule out a role of the MAT locus and mitochondrial genotype as major virulence factors in the outbreak strains. Disruption of Bwc2, a light-dependent transcription factor, resulted in reduced virulence, consistent with a simila …

Potential P-glycoprotein pharmacokinetic interaction of telaprevir with morphine or methadone.

Telaprevir (TVR) effects on P-glycloprotein and cytochrome P450 (CYP) may significantly elevate serum levels of morphine and methadone. Recent literature points to major interactions when combining TVR with warfarin or rifampin. Opioid interactions are especially dangerous in hepatitis C patients, as coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs in 50-90% of HIV-infected drug users that are prescribed opioids for chronic pain and/or methadone for maintenance. TVR has been shown to significantly inhibit the active transport enzyme pGP and may therefore i…

Experience of a monographic tuberculosis unit: the first 500 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a highly prevalent and potentially severe disease. However, since 2002 the annual incidence has been … a median age of 36 years (range 8 months-90 years). In total, 39.8% of patients were foreign born. Coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus was found in 11% of cases. The pulmonary form was most frequently diagnosed (63.8%). Overall mortality was 5.8% with no significant differences between groups (including foreign born and human immunodeficiency virus …

В трех африканских регионах, где отмечается высокий уровень распространения ВИЧ-инфекции, на долю туберкулеза приходится множество лекарств и изониазидов.

Несмотря на значительный прогресс в области наблюдения за туберкулезом, устойчивым к лекарственным препаратам (ТБ), по многим странам с низким уровнем ресурсов данных не имеется. Согласно оценкам Всемирной организации здравоохранения, показатели заболеваемости туберкулезом, содержащимся в различных лекарственных препаратах (МДР-ТБ), в Африке являются низкими и основаны на весьма ограниченных данных, полученных на африканском континенте. ЦЕЛЬ: Измерение распространенности вируса иммунодефицита человека (ВИЧ) в регионах Африки к югу от Сахары. МЕТОД: Мы провели три обследования на предмет против

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
SETTING: Despite major progress in the surveillance of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), data are lacking for many low-resource countries. W … ted three anti-tuberculosis drug resistance surveys in sub-Saharan African regions with high HIV-TB coinfection prevalence: Homa Bay (Kenya), Chiradzulu (Malawi) and West Nile region (Uganda). RESULTS: The prevalence of MDR-TB in new patients was found to be low in the three regions: 1.4% (95%CI 0.2-2.6) in Homa Bay, 2.0% (95%CI 0.4-3.6) in Chiradzulu and 0. …

[Cross-section study on co-infection of HIV and Cryptosporidium].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the co-infection status of HIV and Cryptosporidium, and explore the influencing factors associated with the co-inf … multivariate logistic regression model showed that 4 factors were significantly associated with the coinfection of HIV and Cryptosporidium spp, including male (OR = 6.700, 95% CI: 2.030, 22.114), younger than 42 years old (OR = 4.148, 95% CI: 1.348, 12.761), level of IL-2 below 77 pg/ml (OR = 0.226, 95%CI: 0.076, 0.674) and personal hygiene habits (OR = 0.324 …

Dried blood spots: a new tool for tuberculosis treatment optimization.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a high-burden infectious disease, especially in low and middle-income countries. The efforts to eliminate this disease are challenged by the emergence of multidrug resistance and TB-HIV coinfection. The cumulative knowledge on pharmacokinetics/ pharmacodynamics of antituberculosis agents has recently encouraged therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patient care. However, logistical problems related to conventional sampling limit the application of TDM in research-oriented institutions. Dried blood spot (DBS) compared with conventional venous blood sampling has the advantage…

Role of voriconazole in combined acanthamoeba and fungal corneal ulcer.

We report a case of a 21 year old male who presented with smear-proven fungal corneal ulcer in left eye, refractory to treatment with topica … ing acanthamoeba trophozoites. Voriconazole may be specifically instrumental in corneal ulcers with coinfection of acanthamoeba and fungal organisms and preventing recrudescence of both. Normal saline wet mount and 10% KOH mount of paracentesis sample for suspicious cases of refractory corneal ulcers to specifically look for trophozoites in order to institute …

Combined oral contraceptive use increases HPV persistence but not new HPV detection in a cohort of women from Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Women diagnosed with cervical cancer report longer duration and more recent use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs). It is unclear how COC use impacts risk of cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS: We estimated the risk of new human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection and persistence among 1135 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative women aged 20-37 years from Thailand who were followed for 18 months at 6-month intervals. Type-specific HPV DNA, demographic information, hormonal contraceptive use, sexual behavior, genital tract coinfection, and Papanicolaou test results were asse…

Tuberculosis and female reproductive health.

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity all over the world and is particularly relevant in developing countries l … n can also have adverse effects on contraception and other areas of female reproductive health. HIV coinfection and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and increased population migration from developed to developing countries have now added a whole new dimension to this infection. Though new, finer diagnostic tools of detection of TB are increasingly av …

Progress toward poliomyelitis eradication --- Nigeria, January 2010-June 2011.

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) was launched by the World Health Assembly in 1988. By 2006, transmission of indigenous wild p … in 2010. However, as of July 26, 2011, Nigeria had reported 24 WPV cases (including one WPV/cVDPV2 coinfection) and 11 cVDPV2 cases during January-June 2011, compared with six WPV cases and 10 cVDPV2 cases during January-June 2010. Despite substantial progress, immunization activities and surveillance sensitivity will need to be enhanced further to interrupt …

[Visceral leishmaniasis: an update].

During the last decade, visceral leishmaniasis has been reconsidered in its epidemiology and strategies for diagnosis, treatment and prevent … tivity, and by the movement of workers and refugees. As a consequence, the burden of HIV/Leishmania coinfection is increasing in many developing countries even though effective antiretroviral therapy has led to a marked decrease in its incidence in Europe. The disease is now handled differently than it was 10 years ago: PCR has become the most accurate tool f …