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Characterizing tau deposition in chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE): utility of the McKee CTE staging scheme.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a tauopathy associated with repetitive head impacts (RHI) that has been neuropathologically diagnosed in American football players and other contact sport athletes. In 2013, McKee and colleagues proposed a staging scheme for characterizing the severity of the hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) pathology, the McKee CTE staging scheme. The staging scheme defined four pathological stages of CTE, stages I(mild)-IV(severe), based on the density and regional deposition of p-tau. The objective of this study was to test the utility of the McKee CTE staging scheme

Dual/double pathology in neurocysticercosis causing drug resistant epilepsy - Chance association or causal?

INTRODUCTION: Neurocysticercosis (NCC) as cause of drug resistant epilepsy (DRE) is commonly reported from India. We reviewed the neuropathological findings in patients undergoing resective surgery for DRE due to NCC, to determine the pathomechanism of epileptogenesis. METHODS: Clinical, demographic and neuropathological findings of histologically confirmed cases of NCC causing DRE between 2005-2019 were reviewed. NeuN, GFAP, phosphorylated neurofilament, vimentin, CD34 for glial/ neuronal alterations, and Masson trichrome, Luxol Fast blue for evidence of fibrosis/ demyelination was used to d

Blood-brain barrier and innate immunity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is only partly understood. This is the probable reason why significant efforts to treat or prev … ratory modalities, but definitive diagnosis can be made only by postmortem assessment of underlying neuropathology. People suffering from AD thus may be misdiagnosed clinically with other primary causes of dementia, and vice versa, thereby also reducing the power of clinical trials. The amyloid cascade hypothesis fits well for the familial cases of AD with known …

Diffusion tensor imaging analysis of sequential spreading of disease in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis confirms patterns of TDP-43 pathology.

Diffusion tensor imaging can identify amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-associated patterns of brain alterations at the group level. Recently, a neuropathological staging system for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has shown that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis may disseminate in a sequential regional pattern during four disease stages. The objective of the present study was to apply a new methodological diffusion tensor imaging-based approach to automatically analyse in vivo the fibre tracts that are prone to be involved at each neuropathological stage of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Two data sample

[A clinicopathological study of young-onset dementia: report of 2 autopsied cases].

We retrospectively examined the clinical features and the neuroradiological findings on autopsy of 2 cases of young-onset dementia. The patient in case 1 was a 43-year-old woman who was unable to determine the time on the clock and who made frivolous remarks. Neuropsychological test batteries demonstrated memory impairment and frontal lobe dysfunction. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the head revealed abnormal high-intensity signals around the lateral ventricles and thinning of the corpus callosum. Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) revealed patchy reduction in

Choline supplementation mitigates trace, but not delay, eyeblink conditioning deficits in rats exposed to alcohol during development.

Children exposed to alcohol prenatally suffer from a range of physical, neuropathological, and behavioral alterations, referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Both the cerebellum and hippocampus are affected by alcohol exposure during development, which may contribute to behavioral and cognitive deficits observed in children with FASD. Despite the known neuropathology associated with prenatal alcohol exposure, many pregnant women continue to drink (heavy drinkers, in particular), creating a need to identify effective treatments for their children who are adversely affected by a…

The spectrum of mutations in progranulin: a collaborative study screening 545 cases of neurodegeneration.

BACKGROUND: Mutation in the progranulin gene (GRN) can cause frontotemporal dementia (FTD). However, it is unclear whether some rare FTD-related GRN variants are pathogenic and whether neurodegenerative disorders other than FTD can also be caused by GRN mutations. OBJECTIVES: To delineate the range of clinical presentations associated with GRN mutations and to define pathogenic candidacy of rare GRN variants. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Clinical and neuropathology dementia research studies at 8 academic centers. PARTICIPANTS: Four hundred thirty-four patients with FTD, including p…

Absence of Pittsburgh compound B detection of cerebral amyloid beta in a patient with clinical, cognitive, and cerebrospinal fluid markers of Alzheimer disease: a case report.

BACKGROUND: To date, there have been no reports of individuals who have been characterized longitudinally using clinical and cognitive measures and who transitioned from cognitive normality to early symptomatic Alzheimer disease (AD) during a period when both cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers and Pittsburgh Compound B (PiB) amyloid imaging were obtained. OBJECTIVE: To determine the temporal relationships of clinical, cognitive, CSF, and PiB amyloid imaging markers of AD. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Alzheimer disease research center. PARTICIPANT: Longitudinally assessed 85-year-old man in

Врожденные вирусные инфекции мозга: уроки, извлеченные из вируса лимфоцита у неонатальной крысы.

Мозг плода очень уязвим для тератогенов, включая многие инфекционные вещества. В результате дородовой инфекции многие дети страдают от серьезных и постоянных травм мозга и дисфункций. Поскольку большинство моделей врожденной инфекции мозга не в значительной степени отражают болезни человека, эти модели крайне ограничены в их способности пролить свет на патогенез этих болезней. Однако это ограничение не затрагивает животную модель врожденного вируса лимфоцита хориоменингита (ЛКМВ). LCMV - известный патоген человека. Когда инфекция происходит во время беременности, вирус может заразить плод, и р

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The fetal brain is highly vulnerable to teratogens, including many infectious agents. As a consequence of prenatal infection, many children … em interactions. Because the neonatal rat inoculated with LCMV so faithfully reproduces the diverse neuropathology observed in the human counterpart, the rat model system is a highly valuable tool for the study of congenital LCMV infection and of all prenatal brain infections In addition, because LCMV induces delayed-onset neuronal loss after the virus has been …

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and why it would be ill-advise to use one that crosses the blood-brain barrier.

Increased circulating cholesterol has been long linked to an increased risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), and is now linked to an increased risk of developing Alzheimer s disease (AD). We first showed the neuropathologic link between CAD and AD as increased incidence of cerebral senile plaques in both disorders. We then showed that AD-like neuropathology occurred in the brains of cholesterol-fed rabbits; including increased -amyloid (Ab). Currently there are a number of transgenic mouse models of AD that exhibit enhanced Ab pathology if cholesterol diet is administered. Culture studies cle…

Temporal accrual of complement proteins in amyloid plaques in Down's syndrome with Alzheimer's disease.

The complement system constitutes a series of enzymatic steps involved in the inflammatory response and is activated in Alzheimer's disease … of complement (C4d and C5b-9), the complement inhibitor apolipoprotein J (apo J), and markers of AD neuropathology. Abeta42-labeled diffuse plaques were first detected in a 12-year-old DS subject and were not labeled by any of the complement antibodies. Colocalization of Abeta42 with Clq, C3, C4d, and/or apo J was first detected in compacted plaques in the brain …

Relation of cerebral vessel disease to Alzheimer's disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Few data on the pathology of cerebral vessel disease, dementia, and cognition are available. We examined the association of cerebral atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis neuropathology with probable and possible Alzheimer's disease dementia and cognitive function. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included men and women aged 65 years or older who had yearly clinical assessments and had agreed to brain autopsy at the time of death, as part of one of two cohort studies of ageing (The Religious Orders Study and the Rush Memory and Aging Project). Individuals without dementia or w…

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy as the first presentation of an underlying lymphoproliferative disorder.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating central nervous system disease caused by John Cunningham virus (JCV) reactivation in immunosuppressed patients. Although classically associated with advanced HIV infection, PML also occurs in patients with hematological malignancies, organ transplants, or on immunomodulatory therapies. The mortality rate can be high, ranging from 20 to 90%, depending on the underlying condition. Clinical presentation is variable, depending on the site of brain involvement, and diagnosis requires integration of clinical, radiological, pathologi

Rapidly growing glioblastoma multiforme at the cervicomedullary junction - a diagnostic and neuroradiological challenge.

Brainstem gliomas in adults are a rare and heterogeneous group of brain tumours, which account for less than 2% of all adult gliomas and usually involve the pons (60-63%). The medulla oblongata and the midbrain are the least common locations of brainstem gliomas (25% and 12-15%, respectively). Survival and overall prognosis depend on the underlying pathology and pathological tumour grade. The authors present a female patient with medulla oblongata rapidly growing brainstem glioma (documented in a series of brain MRI examinations), which resulted in quick progression of neurological symptoms wi

Alzheimer's Disease Biomarker Analysis Using Targeted Mass Spectrometry.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by several neuropathological changes, mainly extracellular amyloid aggregates (plaques), intraneuronal inclusions of phosphorylated tau (tangles), as well as neuronal and synaptic degeneration, accompanied by tissue reactions to these processes (astrocytosis and microglial activation) that precede neuronal network disturbances in the symptomatic phase of the disease. A number of biomarkers for these brain tissue changes have been developed, mainly using immunoassays. In this review, we discuss how targeted mass spectrometry (TMS) can be used to validat

An Alternative Approach for the Rehabilitation of a Complete Denture Patient With Parkinson's Disease.

Parkinson's disease (PD) affects one to two out of every 1,000 individuals. PD, being age-related, is affecting a percentage of those over and around the sixth decade. Lewy bodies containing α-synuclein and a reduction in dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, which impairs the region's capacity to promote voluntary movements, are the main neuropathological findings. The three main symptoms of PD are stiffness, bradykinesia, and tremor. Treatment of edentulous conditions in patients with PD becomes a challenge due to decreased neuromuscular coordination and decreased mobility. This case

Genomic stress and impaired DNA repair in Alzheimer disease.

Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prominent form of dementia and has received considerable attention due to its growing burden on economic, healthcare and basic societal infrastructures. The two major neuropathological hallmarks of AD, i.e., extracellular amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated Tau neurofibrillary tangles, have been the focus of much research, with an eye on understanding underlying disease mechanisms and identifying novel therapeutic avenues. One often overlooked aspect of AD is how Aβ and Tau may, through indirect and direct mechanisms, affec

Meningeal T cells function in the central nervous system homeostasis and neurodegenerative diseases.

Recently, a rising interest is given to neuroimmune communication in physiological and neuropathological conditions. Meningeal immunity is a complex immune environment housing different types of immune cells. Here, we focus on meningeal T cells, possibly the most explored aspect of neuro-immune cell interactions. Emerging data have shown that meningeal T cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases. This review highlights how meningeal T cells may contribute to immune surv

Evaluation of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity of Isatin Derivatives in Activated Microglia.

Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Overactivated microglia cause neurotoxicity and prolong the inflammatory response in many neuropathologies. In this study, we have synthesised a series of isatin derivatives to evaluate their anti-neuroinflammatory potential using lipopolysaccharide activated microglia as a cell model. We explored four different substitutions of the isatin moiety by testing their anti-neuroinflammatory activity on BV2 microglia cells. Based on the low cytotoxicity and the activity in reducing

Pathogenesis of Cerebral Malaria: New Trends and Insights for Developing Adjunctive Therapies.

No specific or adjunctive therapies exist to treat cerebral malaria (CM) as of date. CM is a neuropathological manifestation of the malaria infection in humans, caused by the hemoparasitic pathogen Plasmodium falciparum. Driven through a multitude of virulence factors, varied immune responses, variations in brain swelling with regard to the age of patients, parasite biomass, and parasite-typing, the essential pathogenetic mechanisms underlying clinical CM have remained elusive. However, a recent series of studies based on molecular, immunologic, and advanced neuroradiologic and machine-learnin