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Sex differences in morbidity and care-seeking during the neonatal period in rural southern Nepal.

BACKGROUND: South Asian studies, including those from Nepal, have documented increased risk of neonatal mortality among girls, despite their early biologic survival advantage. We examined sex differences in neonatal morbidity and care-seeking behavior to determine whether such differences could help explain previously observed excess late neonatal mortality among girls in Nepal. METHODS: A secondary analysis of data from a trial of chlorhexidine use among neonates in rural Nepal was conducted. The objective was to examine sex differences in neonatal morbidity and care-seeking behavior for ill

Global Spread of Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Predicting Pandemics.

As successive epidemics have swept the world, the scientific community has quickly learned from them about the emergence and transmission of communicable diseases. Epidemics usually occur when health systems are unprepared. During an unexpected epidemic, health authorities engage in damage control, fear drives action, and the desire to understand the threat is greatest. As humanity recovers, policy-makers seek scientific expertise to improve their "preparedness" to face future events.Global spread of disease is exemplified by the spread of yellow fever from Africa to the Americas, by the sprea…

Detection of dengue group viruses by fluorescence in situ hybridization.

BACKGROUND: Dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) represent a global challenge in public health. It is estimated that 50 to 1 … s. No signal was detected in either cells infected with close Flavivirus members West Nile virus or yellow fever virus. The same protocol was used on salivary glands of Ae. albopictus fed with a DENV-2 infectious blood-meal which showed positive signals in the lateral lobes of infected samples, with no significant signal in uninfected mosquitoes. CONCLUSION: …

Bacterially expressed recombinant TMOF induces mortality and gut microbial alterations in Aedes albopictus larvae.

Mosquitoes, as vectors of numerous diseases, pose significant threat to human health. Aedes mosquitoes transmit diseases such as dengue, yellow fever and chikungunya, with dengue fever alone responsible for approximately 40,000 deaths and more than 96 million symptomatic cases annually. Current mosquito control methods are inadequate and results in environmental health hazards and development of resistance. Therefore, targeted control strategies are essential. In this context, we cloned and expressed the Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor (TMOF), a decapeptide that inhibits trypsin biosynthesi…

Susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to public health insecticides in Southern Afar Region, Ethiopia.

Mosquito-borne viral diseases such as dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever have been documented in Ethiopia since the 1960s. However, the efficacy of public health insecticides against Aedes aegypti that transmits these viruses remains poorly understood in the country, particularly in the Afar Region. Thus, the aim of the study was to assess the susceptibility status of Ae. aegypti to deltamethrin, permethrin, alpha-cypermethrin, pirimiphos-methyl, bendiocarb, and propoxur insecticides. Larvae and pupae of Aedes species were collected from Awash Arba, Awash Sebat, and Werer towns of the…

Отрицательное воздействие основных масел Cymbopogon citratus и Tagestes minuta на песчаную мускул, Phlebotomus dubosscki.

Песчаник, Phlebotomus duboscki — вектор зоонотического кутанового лейшманиаза (ZCL), который является важной проблемой здравоохранения в Восточной Африке. Репелленты используются для защиты людей от переносчиков ZCL и других переносчиков, которые передают смертельные заболевания, включая малярию, лихорадку Рифт-Вэлли, денге и желтую лихорадку. Отталкивающие эффекты различных доз основных масел из лимонной травы, Cymbopogon citratus и Mexical Marigold, Tagestes minuta были оценены в двухкамерной биомассе против 3-7-дневных некорменных самок P. duboscki в лаборатории. Полученные результаты были

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
BACKGROUND: The sandfly, Phlebotomus duboscqi is a vector of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis (ZCL) that is an important public health problem in Eastern Africa. Repellents have been used for protection of humans against vectors of ZCL and other vectors that transmit killer diseases including malaria, Rift Valley fever, dengue, and yellow fever. The repellen…

Flavivirus proteases: The viral Achilles heel to prevent future pandemics.

Flaviviruses are important human pathogens and include dengue (DENV), West Nile (WNV), Yellow fever virus (YFV), Japanese encephalitis (JEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV). DENV, transmitted by mosquitoes, causes diseases ranging in severity from mild dengue fever with non-specific flu-like symptoms to fatal dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. DENV infections are caused by four serotypes, DENV1-4, which interact differently with antibodies in blood serum. The incidence of DENV infection has increased dramatically in recent decades and the CDC estimates 400 million dengue infections occu…

Ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal properties of Asparagus racemosus (Willd.) (Family: Asparagaceae) root extracts against filariasis (Culex quinquefasciatus), dengue (Aedes aegypti) and malaria (Anopheles stephensi) vector mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

Several diseases are associated to the mosquito-human interaction. Mosquitoes are the carriers of severe and well-known illnesses such as malaria, arboviral encephalitis, dengue fever, chikungunya fever, West Nile virus and yellow fever. These diseases produce significant morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock around the world. The present investigation was undertaken to study the ovicidal, larvicidal and adulticidal activities of crude hexane, ethyl acetate, benzene, chloroform and methanol extracts of root of Asparagus racemosus were assayed for their toxicity against three importan…

Medical aspects of bio-terrorism.

INTRODUCTION: Bioterrorism is a terrorist action involving the intentional release or dissemination of a biological warfare agent (BWA), whi … stant tuberculosis, Nipah virus, the tick-borne encephalitis viruses, hemorrhagic fever viruses and yellow fever. CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF BIOTOXINS IN HUMAN: Clinical features and severity of intoxication depend on the agent and exposed dose, route of entry, individual variation and environmental factors. Onset of symptoms varies from 2-24 h in Ricin to 24- …

Achievements and Challenges in Therapy and Vaccines Development of Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers: An Up-to-Date Review.

Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) comprise a heterogeneous group of severe infectious diseases that continue to represent a major global healt … opment has progressed further, with licensed vaccines available for selected VHFs, including Ebola, yellow fever, and dengue, and multiple candidates based on diverse technological platforms advancing through clinical evaluation. In addition to summarizing current therapeutic and vaccine strategies, this review highlights pharmaceutical development considerati …

Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis caused by Coxiella Burnetii: A case report.

RATIONALE: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis (PDAP) is the leading cause of PD failure and discontinuation of PD. Several zoonotic pathogens could lead to the development of PDAP. Coxiella burnetii (C. burnetii) was a zoonotic pathogen and the cause of Q fever. However, reports of PDAP caused by C. burnetii are rare. We herein report the first case of PDAP caused by C. burnetii in mainland China. PATIENTS CONCERNS: A 45-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with chief complaint of yellow and cloudy PD effluent for 2 days. She had undergone PD for 5 years due to end-stage r

A DNA Barcoding Based Study to Identify Main Mosquito Species in Taiwan and its Difference from Those in Mainland China.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: Mosquitoes can transmit many types of viruses such as West Nile virus and Zika virus and are responsible for a number of virus-causing diseases including malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, and Japanese B encephalitis. On January 19, 2016, the first case of Zika virus infection was identified in Taiwan, which presents the need for studying the mosquito species in the Taiwan Strait and evaluating the risk of the outbreak of this infection. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this study, we have collected 144 mosquito specimens from 42 species belonging to nine ge…

Health risks of travelers in South Africa.

Large numbers of tourists visit South Africa every year. Travelers to urban areas are at little risk of contracting an infectious disease, however the adventure traveler is at increased risk. Yellow fever is not known to occur in South Africa. Malaria is endemic in Mpumalanga and KwaZula-Natal. Schistosomiasis is endemic in large parts of the country. Although rabies is found throughout the country, only a small number of human cases is reported. High risk areas are KwaZulu-Natal, the eastern Cape and Mpumalanga provinces. The incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is high a…

Hyponatremia-induced metabolic encephalopathy caused by Rathke's cleft cyst: a case report.

Rathke's cleft cysts are sometimes associated with aseptic meningitis or metabolic encephalopathy due to hyponatremia. We treated such a case manifest by lethargy, fever and electroencephalographic abnormalities. A 68-year-old man was admitted to our ward after experiencing general malaise, nausea and vomiting and then high fever and lethargy. On admission, he was drowsy and had nuchal rigidity and Kernig's sign. Physically, he was pale with dry, thickened skin. He had lost 5.0 kg of body weight in the last month. His serum sodium was 115 mEq/l. He had a low serum osmotic pressure (235 mOsmol/

Hypersensitivity and vaccines: an update.

Allergic reactions to vaccines can be classified as sensitivity to one of the vaccine components, pseudo-allergic reactions, often after hyperimmunization, and exacerbation of atopic symptoms or vasculitis. Pseudo-allergic reactions, some possibly due to hyperimmunization, are probably more common than true allergies. Atopic reactions should not be confused with the "flash" phenomenon, defined as an exacerbation of an allergic reaction due to a reduction in the allergic reactivity threshold following the vaccine injection. BCGitis occurs frequently, and for this reason, guidelines for Bacillus